Verb Codebook

MAKE PUBLIC STATEMENT

Make statement

Code: 010
Description: All public statements expressed verbally or in action not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among 011 to 017 cannot be made. Note that statements are typically subordinate events; events such as comments are coded as mere statements only when they do not further imply appeals, agreements, support, apologies, demands, disapprovals, rejections, threats, etc.
Example: U.S. military chief General Colin Powell said on Wednesday NATO would need to remain strong.

Decline comment

Code: 011
Description: Explicitly decline or refuse to comment on a situation.
Usage Notes: This event form is a verbal act. The target could be who the source actor declines to make a comment to or about.
Example: NATO on Monday declined to comment on an estimate that Yugoslav army and special police troops in Kosovo were losing 90 to 100 dead per day in NATO air strikes.

Make pessimistic comment

Code: 012
Description: Express pessimism, negative outlook.
Usage Notes: This event form is a verbal act. Only statements with explicit pessimistic components should be coded as 012; otherwise, default to 010.
Example: Former West Germany Chancellor Willy Brandt said in a radio interview broadcast today he was skeptical over Moscow’s will to agree on limiting European-based nuclear weapons.

Make optimistic comment

Code: 013
Description: Express optimism, assurance, confidence.
Usage Notes: This event form is a verbal act. Only statements with explicit optimistic components should be coded as 013; otherwise, default to 010.
Example: Turkish President Turgut Ozal said on Wednesday he was confident that the United States would remove irritants damaging relations between the two NATO allies.

Consider policy option

Code: 014
Description: Review, reflect upon, or study policy option.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. There is no limitation on types of policies that could be under consideration.
Example: Europe’s leading security forum is exploring the possibility of international patrols to monitor the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia’s border with Serbia, its envoy said on Friday.

Acknowledge or claim responsibility

Code: 015
Description: Non-apologetically claim responsibility, admit an error or wrongdoing, or retract a statement without expression of remorse.
Usage Notes: This event form is a verbal act. Remorseful acknowledgements should be coded as ‘Apologize’ (064) instead.
Example: A Damascus-based Palestinian guerrilla group claimed responsibility on Saturday for attacks on Israeli troops from Jordan in the past two days.

Deny responsibility

Code: 016
Description: Discard or deny accusations or charges.
Usage Notes: This event form is a verbal act. The target for this event type is the party that introduces some accusation or charge against the source actor who denies responsibility.
Example: The government of Liberia denied on Thursday charges by Ivory Coast that Monrovia is committing genocide.

Engage in symbolic act

Code: 017
Description: Engage in symbolic activities such as holding vigils, attending funerals, and laying wreath.
Usage Notes: Use this event form for all symbolic acts, including those that imply empathy. Use 018 to code only empathetic comments (i.e. not actions).
Example: NULL

Make empathetic comment

Code: 018
Description: Express empathy, condolences, sympathy, understanding.
Usage Notes: This event form refers exclusively to verbal acts or comments. Empathetic and other symbolic actions should be coded as 017 instead.
Example: Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali on Saturday expressed condolences to the United States for the death of three American diplomats.

Express accord

Code: 019
Description: Express common understanding, agreement, or accord.
Usage Notes: This event form refers exclusively to verbal acts or comments. Use this code when actors indicate that they simply agree or concur on an issue but do not imply commitment or intent to cooperate on that issue. These are typically reciprocal events (see example below) and require coding of more than one 018 event with actors reversed.
Example: President Reagan and Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak agreed today there was an urgent need for progress towards a Middle East settlement and that a freeze on Israeli settlements in occupied territories was also needed. Note: Two reciprocal events (both 018) are coded with actors reversed.

APPEAL

Make an appeal or request

Code: 020
Description: All requests, proposals, suggestions and appeals not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among 021 through 028 cannot be made. Events coded under this category refer to pleas made either on the source actor’s own behalf or on behalf of another party (i.e. the source asks that the target does something either for self or for a third party). Note that this and all the subcategories are distinct from demands, which are more forceful, and from pledges, which imply commitments, agreements, or promises on the part of the source actor.
Example: NULL

Appeal for material cooperation

Code: 021
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest material cooperation.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, though not exclusively, a verbal act. It refers to appeals for material cooperation specifically; appeals for diplomatic cooperation, such as for the provision of support on a particular policy, are coded as 022 instead. (Note that the actual events of material cooperation are coded under category 06.)
Example: Kenyan President Daniel Arap Moi on Monday urged Uganda to to repatriate “all Kenyan criminals hiding there” to face trial, accusing them of killing Kenyan policemen in cross-border raids recently.

Appeal for economic cooperation

Code: 0211
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest initiating or expanding economic ties.
Usage Notes: Use this code for requests to develop or expand trade and other forms of economic exchange. Appeals for provision of economic aid-not mutual exchange-are coded as 0231 instead. Actual events of economic cooperation are coded as 061.
Example: Indian business leaders Friday called for greater impetus towards free trade despite mounting tensions between India and Pakistan.

Appeal for military cooperation

Code: 0212
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest initiating or expanding military ties.
Usage Notes: Use this code for requests to develop or expand military relations by engaging in acts such as joint military maneuvers or exercises. Appeals for provision of military aid-not mutual exchange-are coded as 0232 instead. Actual events of military cooperation are coded as 062.
Example: South Korea has requested to lease a Russian military training ground, military officers in Seoul said on Thursday.

Appeal for judicial cooperation

Code: 0213
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest initiating or expanding cooperation in judicial matters.
Usage Notes: Use this code for requests to develop or expand cooperation in such matters as extraditions. Appeals for information or other investigative tools, even if to be used in courts of law, are coded as 0214 instead. Note that in case of extraditions, the target for this event type is not the subject but the country he would be extradited to. Actual events of judicial cooperation are coded as 063.
Example: Turkey renewed an appeal to Belgium to extradite a far-left militant wanted for murder, Justice Minister Cemil Cicek said Thursday, slamming what he called lax international cooperation against terrorism.

Appeal for intelligence

Code: 0214
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest sharing of intelligence.
Usage Notes: Use this code for requests to develop or expand intelligence and information sharing. Actual events of intelligence cooperation are coded as 064.
Example: Turkey said Monday it had asked Tehran and Damascus to provide urgent information about arms and ammunition seized last week in southeastern Turkey aboard six trucks travelling from Iran to Syria.

Appeal for diplomatic cooperation (such as policy support)

Code: 022
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest expansion of diplomatic ties or cooperation.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. It refers to appeals for expanded diplomatic ties and non-tangible support on particular policies. Appeals for more specific forms of diplomacy, such as mediation and negotiation, are coded elsewhere within category 02.
Example: North Korean state media have called on the United States to forge “ties of confidence” with Pyongyang ahead of six-party nuclear talks expected to be held in Beijing on July 26.

Appeal for aid

Code: 023
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest provision of material assistance not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible. The source could be requesting aid for itself or on behalf of a third party; in either case, the actor whom the request is directed to should be coded as the target. Note that only requests for or suggestions of material aid are coded under this category; events coded under 023 imply neither the receipt or delivery of material aid nor a commitment on the part of the source actor to provide such aid. For the latter two cases, refer instead to categories 07 and 033, respectively.
Example: Romania has asked the European Community for immediate delivery of additional aid, EC sources said on Thursday.

Appeal for economic aid

Code: 0231
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest economic assistance.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Requests or suggestions for loans or debt relief are also coded here. Appeals for reciprocal economic exchange, such as trade, should be coded as 0212 instead. The source could be requesting support for itself or on behalf of another party.
Example: Russia and China will ask Asian banks to help finance construction of an $8 billion Trans-Siberian natural gas link to China. Note: Because of the compound source (Russia and China), two events are coded.

Appeal for military aid

Code: 0232
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest military assistance.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Requests for or suggestions of joint military actions, rather than unilateral military aid, should be coded as 0212 instead.
Example: Angola has asked Portugal for military aid, especially instructors for its Soviet-and Cuban-trained armed forces, a Lisbon newspaper said today.

Appeal for humanitarian aid

Code: 0233
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest humanitarian assistance.
Usage Notes: Requests for or suggestions of food, medicine, and related personnel, as well as shelter and protection, are all coded as 0233. Calls by refugees to be let into the territories of other countries (which should be coded as targets) and asylum requests all fit here.
Example: Oxfam Canada today called on the world community to help save tens of thousands of Afghan civilians threatened with starvation.

Appeal for military protection or peacekeeping

Code: 0234
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest deployment of peacekeepers or other military forces to preserve peace, enforce ceasefires, or protect civilians.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The source actor could be making the appeal for itself or on behalf of another party; the target should represent the actor who is expected to provide the forces.
Example: A group of prominent Liberians have written to President George Bush urging him to send U.S. peacekeeping troops to their capital Monrovia.

Appeal for political reform

Code: 024
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest political change not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. More forceful “demands” for political change are coded under 104; expressions that take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category 14. Source actors can be local citizens as well as international actors; they could be making the appeal on their own behalf or on behalf of others. Note that when the requested reform clearly constitutes some form of concession or yielding by the target such as the easing of administrative sanctions, a more appropriate ‘Appeal’ code might be found under 025.
Example: About 300 representatives from Egyptian civil society organizations submitted the most recent in a series of reform petitions, under the title “In Defense of the Nation” to the Saudi royal family.

Appeal for change in leadership

Code: 0241
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest change in leadership or power.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. More forceful “demands” for leadership change are coded as 1041; demonstrations, protests, etc. demanding change in leadership/power are coded under category 14. Note that even though calls for the target to resign or relinquish power are forms of yielding, they are still coded here. Also code appeals for elections here.
Example: Members of parliament from Kenya’s Liberal Democratic Party called on Energy Minister Kiraitu Murungi to resign in the wake of new evidence over the $7 billion scandals.

Appeal for policy change

Code: 0242
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest change in any particular policy.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. More forceful “demands” for policy change are coded as 1042; demonstrations, protests, etc. demanding change in leadership/power are coded under category 14. Just like the source actor, the policy in question can also be domestic or international in nature. If it is clear from the lead that by requesting certain policy changes the source is in fact appealing to the target to yield or concede, the event might be better coded under 035.
Example: U.S. President George W. Bush said Friday that he will tell Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi that Japan needs to enact significant economic reforms.

Appeal for rights

Code: 0243
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest provision or expansion of social, political, or other rights.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. More forceful “demands” for rights are coded as 1043; demonstrations, protests, etc. demanding certain rights are coded under category 14. If it is clear from the lead that by requesting certain rights the source is in fact appealing to the target to yield or concede, the event might be better coded under 025. Appeals for provision of compensation for previously violated rights, for instance, are coded as 025.
Example: The UN urged the Maoists rebels in Nepal to honor human rights, according to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCR).

Appeal for change in institutions, regime

Code: 0244
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest major institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. More forceful “demands” for institutional change are coded as 1044; demonstrations, protests, etc. demanding such change are coded under category 14. Institutional change is different from policy change in that the former directly alters the rules of the game. Requests for fundamental changes in the political system (e.g. democratization) as well as for more limited institutional changes (e.g. changing electoral law) are coded here.
Example: President Emile Lahoud has pushed the Lebanese Parliament for a new election law two days before he is to call parliamentary elections.

Appeal to yield

Code: 025
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target yields or concedes; not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The source for this event type may or may not be one of the adversaries; a third party could also be appealing to one or more of the parties in conflict (who are coded as targets) to yield. When the source itself expresses its intent to yield—rather than requesting it from another party—the event should be coded under 035 instead. When yielding actually takes place, use the appropriate code under category 08.
Example: Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon wants Germany to pay more compensation to the families of 11 Israeli athletes killed at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games, a statement from his office said Tuesday.

Appeal for easing of administrative sanctions

Code: 0251
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target relaxes administrative restrictions.
Usage Notes: Use this code when a government is requested to undertake some political changes that clearly constitute some form of concession or yielding, such as relaxing or removing bans or other restrictions that are already in place.
Example: Dozens of journalists at Sudan’s most respected daily newspaper appealed to the Sudanese government on Wednesday to let them resume publishing and compensate them for lost wages.

Appeal for easing of political dissent

Code: 0252
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target stops political protest activities.
Usage Notes: Use this code for requests for the target to stop engaging in protests, demonstrations, strikes, etc.
Example: Islamic fundamentalist leaders appealed to their Muslim followers for an end to anti-government agitation, authorities said Monday.

Appeal for release of persons or property

Code: 0253
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target releases persons or property.
Usage Notes: Use this code for requests for the target to release prisoners, hostages, and any confiscated property.
Example: The United States called on Israel to move forward with its “courageous and historic” disengagement plan as fast as possible. Note: While “disengagement” does not necessarily involve any kind of release of persons or property, in the case of Israel we can safely assume that any mention of the “disengagement plan” refers primarily to the withdrawal of settlements, hence, the return of land to the Palestinians; phrases involving “disengagement” or “settlements” can be entered into verb dictionaries, particularly the Middle East dictionary, as the appropriate codes pertaining to the release of property.

Appeal for easing of economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo

Code: 0254
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target stops or eases economic
Usage Notes: Use this code only for economic sanctions, boycotts, or embargoes.
Example: Iraq on Saturday appealed to the U.N. to bring an end to their trade em

Appeal for target to allow international involvement (non-mediation)

Code: 0255
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target allows the entry of international actors, such as observers, humanitarian agencies, and peacekeeping forces.
Usage Notes: Requests for adversaries to allow mediation are coded as 028 instead.
Example: An international aid agency appealed to the Sudanese government on Friday to urgently reconsider its ban on relief flights to southern Sudan. Note: Because the identity of the agency is not provided, the general NGO code will be used.

Appeal for de-escalation of military engagement

Code: 0256
Description: Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that target stops fighting or takes measures to ease military conflict or tension.
Usage Notes: Use this code for appeals for ceasefires, military withdrawals, and demobilization.
Example: The presidents of Iraq and Egypt called on Tuesday for the withdrawal of Syrian and other foreign forces from Lebanon to end 14 years of civil war there. Note: Because of the compound source (governments of Iraq and Egypt), two events are coded.

Appeal to others to meet or negotiate

Code: 026
Description: Propose or suggest meeting, negotiation, or discussion among other parties.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The source for this event cannot be the actors whose meeting or negotiation is called for; it has to be third parties who appeal to one or more actors— target actors—to meet and/or negotiate. When parties themselves express their intent to meet and/or negotiate, use 036 instead. When meetings or negotiations do take place, use the appropriate code under category 04.
Example: El Salvador on Monday requested an urgent Security Council meeting on Wednesday to deal with what it called violations by Nicaragua of the Central American peace accords.

Appeal to others to settle dispute

Code: 027
Description: Propose or suggest that others reach a settlement, agreement, or resolution of conflict.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Note that the source for this event cannot be the adversaries themselves. When one or more parties to a conflict call for ending the conflict, that is taken to be an expression of intent on the part of that source actor to reach a settlement and is thus coded as 037 instead.
Example: The Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said here Saturday that he urges Iran and the EU trio (France, Germany, and Britain) to reach an agreement in their talks on Iran’s nuclear program. Note: Given the presence of four different targets, four events are coded.

Appeal to engage in or accept mediation

Code: 028
Description: Propose or suggest that target mediates or accepts the mediation of others.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Note that the source for this event cannot be the potential mediator or parties to the conflict. When an actor proposes to play the role of mediator himself, this is assumed to be a commitment on his part and is coded as 039 instead. When one or more of the adversaries request that another party plays the role of a mediator, this is understood to be a commitment on their part to accept mediation and is thus coded as 038. The target can either be a potential mediator (whose mediation is being requested) or one of the adversaries (who is requested to allow involvement of mediators).
Example: The International Crisis Group has called on the UN stabilization mission in Haiti to broker an agreement among Haitians that “establishes common objectives for the next government.”

EXPRESS INTENT TO COOPERATE

Express intent to cooperate

Code: 030
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to cooperate not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 031 through 039 cannot be made. All cooperative actions reported in future tense are also taken to imply intentions, if not promises or commitments, to cooperate and are hence coded under this category. These events can be reciprocal or unilateral.
Example: Senior Hungarian and Romanian officials agreed on Wednesday that their countries should cooperate to encourage Romanian refugees in Hungary to return home. Note: Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

Express intent to engage in material cooperation

Code: 031
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to engage in or expand material cooperative exchange not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible. This event form refers to commitments or indications of intent by parties to boost their material exchange; they could be reciprocal or unilateral agreements, promises, commitments, or other indications of intent to cooperate. Pledges to provide unilateral material aid, however, are coded under category 033. Expressions of intent to engage in or further diplomatic cooperation, such as negotiations, settling disputes, or provision of policy support are coded elsewhere under category 03. Note that events coded here are intents and commitments, and not actual events of cooperation, which should be coded under 06.
Example: The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum has agreed to set up an energy research center in Tokyo to further develop its regional energy projections, officials said Thursday.

Express intent to cooperate economically

Code: 0311
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to engage in or expand economic ties.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to agreements, promises, commitments, or other indications of intent to develop or expand trade and other forms of economic exchange. Offers, promises, or commitments by one actor to provide economic aid to another should be coded as 0331 instead.
Example: The United States and Jordan have agreed upon a new free-trade pact between the two countries, the White House announced Tuesday. Note: Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

Express intent to cooperate militarily

Code: 0312
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to engage in or expand military ties.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to agreements, promises, commitments, or other indications of intent to develop or expand military relations by engaging in such acts as joint military maneuvers or exercises. Offers, promises, or commitments by one actor to provide military aid to another should be coded as 0332 instead.
Example: Jordan and Britain have agreed to undertake joint military exercises this month, a Jordanian official confirmed. Note: Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

Express intent to cooperate on judicial matters

Code: 0313
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to engage in or expand judicial cooperation.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to agreements, promises, commitments, or other indications of intent to develop or expand judicial cooperation by engaging in such acts as extraditions.
Example: Libya has offered to hand over to an Arab country two of its nationals suspected by the West of blowing up a Pan Am plane in 1988, a state-owned Egyptian newspaper said.

Express intent to cooperate on intelligence

Code: 0314
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to engage in or expand intelligence sharing.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to agreements, promises, commitments, or other indications of intent to develop or expand intelligence cooperation by providing or exchanging intelligence or information.
Example: Israel and the Palestinians reached a consensus to exchange information on water resources on the second day of a multilateral conference on water problems in the Middle East here Thursday, the meeting’s co-chairman said. Note: Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

Express intent to engage in diplomatic cooperation (such as policy support)

Code: 032
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to expand diplomatic ties or cooperation.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The offered or promised support should be non-material, such as supporting or backing particular policies and/or goals. Note that agreements or promises to engage in more specific forms of diplomatic cooperation, such as negotiations and mediation, are coded elsewhere under category 03. The target should be the recipient of the potential support.
Example: Portugal will support Turkey’s efforts to become a full member of the European Community, Portuguese President Mario Soares said on Tuesday. Note: Note that the future tense used in the lead indicates future commitment.

Express intent to provide material aid

Code: 033
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to provide some form of material support not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible. Note that more general commitments to broaden material exchange or cooperation are coded under 031 instead. Reported deliveries of material support are coded under category 07. The target should be the prospective recipient of aid.
Example: NATO-member Norway is willing to send material to help defend Saudi Arabia if it is attacked, Norway’s foreign minister said.

Express intent to provide economic aid

Code: 0331
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to provide economic support.
Usage Notes: Code commitments to provide financial support, in form of grants, loans, or debt relief under this event code. Trade commitments should be coded as 0311 instead.
Example: Finland will give Tanzania a grant of 580 million shillings (64.45 million dollars) over the next three years to finance several projects in the country, a statement issued by the ministry of finance said today. Note: Note that the future tense used in the lead indicates future commitment.

Express intent to provide military aid

Code: 0332
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to provide military support.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code commitments to provide all forms of military aid. Promises to engage in bilateral or multilateral military cooperation should be coded as 0312 instead.
Example: British Defence Secretary Tom King has promised to continue military aid to war-torn Mozambique.

Express intent to provide humanitarian aid

Code: 0333
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to provide humanitarian support.
Usage Notes: Use this code for commitments to provide all forms of humanitarian aid, including evacuations from dangerous zones and shelter for refugees. However, note that expressions of intent to provide military security or peacekeeping forces are coded as 0334 instead. Actual provisions of humanitarian aid are coded as 073.
Example: The United Nations will provide nearly 25,000 tons of emergency food aid to refugees fleeing the civil war in Liberia, the World Food Program (WFP) said on Monday.

Express intent to provide military protection or peacekeeping

Code: 0334
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to deploy peacekeeping or other military forces for security.
Usage Notes: Source actor for this event is the party making the commitment to provide forces, while the target represents the prospective location of deployment. Actual deployments should be coded as linked events ‘Provide military protection or peacekeeping’ (074) and ‘Receive deployment of peacekeepers’ (0861) with actors reversed. Commitments by adversaries to accept peacekeepers should be coded as 0355.
Example: France is ready to contribute up to 4,000 troops to an international peacekeeping force in Yugoslavia, Defence Minister Pierre Joxe said on Monday.

Express intent to institute political reform

Code: 034
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to institute political change not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: If the promised reforms clearly constitutes some form of concession or yielding by the source, such as the easing of existing administrative sanctions, a more appropriate code might be found under 035. If there are specific groups or individuals asking for that change and that information is codeable given the structure of the lead, those actors should be coded as targets; otherwise, the country in general or actors to be affected by the change should be coded as the target.
Example: NULL

Express intent to change leadership

Code: 0341
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to change leadership or relinquish power.
Usage Notes: Commitments to resign or hand over power, as well to hold elections that might open the way for change in leadership, are coded here. Note that while commitments for other forms of yielding are coded under 035, commitments to give up power are coded here.
Example: Ousted President Askar Akayev has agreed to resign without returning to the Kyrgyzstan, the Parliament speaker said Saturday. Note: Because no specific group is mentioned, the country alone is coded as the target.

Express intent to change policy

Code: 0342
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment for policy change.
Usage Notes: Use this code for commitments to bring policy change—political, economic, military, social, or otherwise. If the policy change in question clearly represents a form of yielding, the appropriate code under 035 should be used instead.
Example: Planning and Investment Minister Tran Xuan Gia said Vietnam is committed to opening up the economy but will not be rushed, in a rare interview late on Friday. Note: Vietnam can be coded as the target since the country in general is obviously going to be affected from such a change in policy.

Express intent to provide rights

Code: 0343
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to provide social, political, economic, or other rights and freedoms.
Usage Notes: If it is clear from the lead that by promising to provide certain rights the source is in fact committing to yield, the event might be better coded under 035. Commitments to provide compensation for previously violated rights, for instance, are coded as 035.
Example: Turkey will allow up to 13,000 Turkish Kurd refugees who have lived in Iraq for more than a decade to return home as part of a UN-brokered deal. Note: Allowing the voluntary repatriation of refugees constitutes provision of the right to go home.

Express intent to change institutions, regime

Code: 0344
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to make fundamental political changes, such as moving from one type of political system to another and reforming political institutions or key laws.
Usage Notes: Note the difference between institutional/regime changes and policy reforms.
Example: Serbian President Vojislav Kostunica promised to democratize Serbia and establish the rule of law as he succeeded Milosevic.

Express intent to yield

Code: 035
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to yield not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to general expressions of willingness or commitment to concede; use the subcategories for more detailed coding. The actual events of yielding are coded under category 08.
Example: A Soviet official offered concessions last November that U.S. negotiator Paul Nitze believed could lead to an agreement on reducing nuclear missiles in Europe, according to a senator who acted as a go-between at the talks.

Express intent to ease administrative sanctions

Code: 0351
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to ease administrative sanctions, such as censorship, curfew, state of emergency, and martial law.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: In an interview this weekend, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika said he is prepared to lift ban on Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) but not with its historical leadership.

Express intent to ease popular dissent

Code: 0352
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to reduce or stop political protest activities, such as demonstrations and rallies.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Leaders of the Azadliq (Freedom) opposition coalition agreed to postpone the demonstration in Baku until 9 November.

Express intent to release persons or property

Code: 0353
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to release or return persons or property.
Usage Notes: Commitments to release or exchange prisoners and hostages, as well as commitments to return previously confiscated properties, are coded here.
Example: The Fijian rebels said they will release Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry and more than 30 members of his government, whom they had taken hostage two weeks ago, on the weekend.

Express intent to ease economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo

Code: 0354
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to
Usage Notes: Use this code only for economic sanctions, boycotts, or embargoes.
Example: The US Congress agreed to lift embargoes on pharmaceutical sales in late Note: Due to the compound target, five separate events are coded.

Express intent to allow international involvement (non-mediation)

Code: 0355
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to allow access to international actors, such as observers, humanitarian agencies, and peacekeeping forces.
Usage Notes: Prospective peacekeepers, observers, etc. are coded as targets. Commitments to accept mediation by third parties are coded as 038 instead.
Example: Ethopia has agreed to re-open its borders to UN peackeepers, who are depolyed in the region to oversee a ceasefire between Ethiopia and its neighbor, Eritrea.

Express intent to de-escalate military engagement

Code: 0356
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to stop fighting or take measures to ease military conflict or tension.
Usage Notes: Use this code for appeals for ceasefires, military withdrawals, and demobilization.
Example: Yugoslavia and Slovenia agreed to a ceasefire after two days of fierce fighting but media reports said sporadic clashes were still continuing. Note: Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

Express intent to meet or negotiate

Code: 036
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to meet, visit, or engage in talks or negotiations.
Usage Notes: This event code refers to future commitments to meet and/or negotiate; when meetings, negotiations, or other talks do take place, those are coded under category 04 instead. When mediation is mentioned specifically, appropriate mediation-related codes take precedence over meetings or negotiations.
Example: East German Foreign Minister Oskar Fischer will visit Albania in June, the first Warsaw Pact foreign minister to do so since Tirana split with Moscow in 1961, the Albanian embassy said. Note: Given the wording of this lead, which implies that Albania has already committed to receive the German minister, two reciprocal events of 038 are coded with actors reversed. This example fits under this category since the future tense used implies a future commitment to meet.

Express intent to settle dispute

Code: 037
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to reach a comprehensive settlement, agreement, or resolution to conflict.
Usage Notes: Note that specific commitments to yield, which might be present steps to settling disputes, are coded elsewhere under category 03. Both the source and the target for this event type should be adversaries themselves. When other parties make appeals to end disputes in which they are not directly involved, use ‘Appeal to others to settle dispute’ (027) instead.
Example: Denmark today accepted a formula for ending its fisheries dispute with its European common market partners, government officials said.

Express intent to accept mediation

Code: 038
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to accept mediation.
Usage Notes: This code represents adversaries’ commitments to receive mediation by third parties. The latter should be coded as targets, while the source has to be one or more of the parties in conflict for this event. Note that when reports involve references to mediation specifically, mediation-related codes such as this take precedence over others, such as ‘Agree to meet or negotiate,’ ‘Make a visit,’ ‘Host a visit,’ and ‘Meet at a third location.’ For commitments by third parties to mediate refer to code 039 instead. For simple suggestions by actors other than adversaries and potential mediators that mediation occurs, use ‘Appeal to others to engage in or accept mediation’ (028).
Example: Afghan rebel leaders said on Wednesday they would meet U.N. mediator Diego Cordovez if he gave them a veto over any settlement reached in peace talks.

Express intent to mediate

Code: 039
Description: Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to play the role of a mediator.
Usage Notes: This code represents a commitment by third parties to mediate between parties in conflict. The former should be coded as source and the later as targets for this event. Note that when reports involve references to mediation specifically, mediation-related codes such as this take precedence over others, such as ‘Agree to meet or negotiate,’ ‘Make a visit,’ ‘Host a visit,’ and ‘Meet at a third location.’ For commitments of adversaries to accept mediation by actors other than the adversaries and potential mediators that mediation occurs, refer to ‘Appeal to others to engage in or accept mediation’ (028).
Example: Gambian President Dawda Jawara will visit Mauritania and Senegal to mediate in a border dispute between the two West African neighbors, diplomatic sources said on Wednesday. Note: Given the wording used in this particular lead, which implies that Mauritania and Senegal have already agreed to Gambia’s mediation, two types of linked events are coded‚Äî’Express intent to mediate’ (036) with the Gambian president as the source, and ‘Express intent to accept mediation’ (035) with Mauritania and Senegal as sources. Two different events are coded for each of these event types since Mauritania and Senegal are compound actors.

CONSULT

Consult

Code: 040
Description: All consultations and meetings not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among 041 through 044 cannot be made. Note that events coded under 04 are typically, although not always, reciprocal events.
Example: A group of African diplomats held their first meeting with President Parvanov at a lunch hosted by the Ambassador of Kingdom of Morocco. Note: This lead is coded as 040 since the place of the meeting is not explicit in the lead, hence we cannot code it as a visit made or hosted, and no negotiations are implied (so, we cannot code it as ‘Engage in negotiation’).

Discuss by telephone

Code: 041
Description: Consult, talk on the telephone.
Usage Notes: This is typically a reciprocal event. The nature of the phone conversation is not of significance.
Example: U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher telephoned Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev on Tuesday to discuss efforts to forge a peace settlement in former Yugoslavia, Itar-Tass news agency said. Note: Two events of the same type are coded with actors reversed.

Make a visit

Code: 042
Description: Travel to another location for a meeting or other event.
Usage Notes: All visits and travels should be coded under this category. Note that this event is typically accompanied by the linked event ‘Host a visit’ (043). If mediation or negotiation is mentioned specifically as having taken place, those events take precedence over unspecified visits or meetings.
Example: Taiwan’s Vice Foreign Minister visited Russia today, becoming the island’s highest ranking government official to go there. Note: Two events are coded: 042 with the Taiwanese government as the source and Russia as the target, and 043 with actors reversed.

Host a visit

Code: 043
Description: Host or receive a visitor at residence, office or home country.
Usage Notes: This event is typically accompanied by the linked event ‘Make a visit’ (042). If mediation or negotiation is mentioned specifically as having taken place, those events take precedence over unspecified visits or meetings.
Example: Russian President Boris Yeltsin on Saturday hosted Japanese Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto in this Siberian city for an informal meeting aimed at establishing close personal relations between the two leaders. Note: Two events are coded: 043 with the Russian government as the source and the Japanese government as the target, and 042 with the actors reversed.

Meet at a ‘third’ location

Code: 044
Description: Meet, come together, gather with others at a neutral location, some place with which none of the attending parties are associated. If mediation or negotiation is mentioned specifically as having taken place, those events take precedence over unspecified visits or meetings.
Usage Notes: This event type is typically accompanied by two other linked events, ‘Make a visit’ (042) and ‘Host a visit’ (043), and the event itself is reciprocal. For 044, the source and the target are the actors who are meeting; the location of the meeting is ignored.
Example: U.S. and Soviet negotiators return to Geneva this week for talk on limiting the number of European-based nuclear missiles, an issue likely to dominate East-West relations this year. Note: Six events are coded: two reciprocal ‘Meet at a third location’ events with US and the Soviet Union as actors; two ‘’Make a visit’ events with Switzerland as the target, and the US and the Soviet Union as the two different sources; and two ‘Host a visit’ events with Switzerland as the source and the US and the Soviet as the two different targets.

Mediate

Code: 045
Description: Mediate between two or more parties.
Usage Notes: This event code should be used only when a party meets with others explicitly as a mediator. The source is always the mediator and adversaries are the targets. All other cases of meetings and negotiations, where the purpose of the meeting or the role of the source actor is not specified, should be coded elsewhere under category 04. If meetings, discussions, or negotiations are explicitly reported as involving mediators, the mediation code takes precedence as long as the party acting as the mediator is identified in the lead.
Example: Arab League Secretary General Chadli Klibi undertook mediation mission between Syria and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. Note: Because of the compound target actor, two events are coded.

Engage in negotiation

Code: 046
Description: Negotiate or bargain with others.
Usage Notes: This event code should be used only when the report makes clear that negotiations, bargaining, or discussions are involved in the meetings or consultations in question. “Holding talks” and “discussions” are treated as negotiations. These are reciprocal events.
Example: Israel and Lebanon renewed negotiations today on an Israeli troop pullback from Lebanon and their future relations. Note: Two 046 events are coded with actors reversed.

ENGAGE IN DIPLOMATIC COOPERATION

Engage in diplomatic cooperation

Code: 050
Description: Initiate, resume, improve, or expand diplomatic, non-material cooperation or exchange not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when the support in question cannot be further specified and codes 051-057 cannot be used.
Example: Czechoslovakia and Albania have upgraded their diplomatic ties back up to ambassadorial level after an 18-year break, the official CTK news agency said on Wednesday. Note: Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

Praise or endorse

Code: 051
Description: Express support for, commend, approve policy, action, or actor.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act.
Example: A top U.S. official today praised Haiti’s efforts to improve its record on

Defend verbally

Code: 052
Description: Defend verbally, justify policy, action or actor.
Usage Notes: This event form is a verbal act. Use this code only for political, diplomatic, and non-material defense; military cooperation or defense should be coded elsewhere.
Example: The United States on Thursday defended the right of Soviet troops to fire protectively on militants in Azerbaijan and insisted unrest there reflected age-old ethnic tensions, not a fight for political independence.

Rally support on behalf of

Code: 053
Description: Call on other parties to support the target.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Use this event form to code instances where one party (the source) solicits the support of third parties for another party (the target).
Example: Arab League Secretary-General Chedli Klibi today urged the European Community to support the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), which he said would create a favorable climate for peace talks.

Grant diplomatic recognition

Code: 054
Description: Grant diplomatic recognition, initiate diplomatic relations with a state or a government.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Recognition of newly independent states, new governments that might have come to power through unconventional means, and initiation of diplomatic ties with an entity for the first time are all coded here.
Example: Sri Lanka has established diplomatic ties with and opened an embassy in Tehran, the foreign ministry said on Wednesday.

Apologize

Code: 055
Description: Express regret or remorse for an action or situation.
Usage Notes: Although this event form is typically a verbal act, it should also be used to code all nonverbal acts that express remorse.
Example: Argentina has apologized to Brazil for one of its gunboats intercepting a Brazilian ship in the Beagle Channel, disputed by Argentina and Chile.

Forgive

Code: 056
Description: Express forgiveness, pardon.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code verbal and nonverbal gestures of forgiveness and explicitly conciliatory actions or announcements. Formal pardons and amnesties of arrested persons, as well as the release or exchange of prisoners, should be coded as CAMEO 0831 instead.
Example: A group of Yoruba leaders announced yesterday that they are willing to forgive President Olusegun Obasanjo and queue behind him for a second term.

Sign formal agreement

Code: 057
Description: Ratify, sign, finalize an agreement, treaty.
Usage Notes: This category excludes promises to sign or ratify agreements and treaties. Events should be coded under this category only when agreements are reportedly finalized or signed. This event code is typically reciprocal. Even when the agreement in question implies a formal commitment to boost material cooperation, provide aid, or yield in some way, the event of signing the agreement or treaty is still coded here since signing of an agreement or treaty represents diplomatic cooperation but does not guarantee implementation— whatever its terms.
Example: Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and Bulgarian President Todor Zhivkov today signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation, the BTA reported. Note: Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

ENGAGE IN MATERIAL COOPERATION

Engage in material cooperation

Code: 060
Description: Initiate, resume, improve, or expand material cooperation or exchange, not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 061-064 cannot be made.
Example: Taliban ruled Afghanistan has been sharing expertise with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam according to a special report submitted to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service. Note: Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

Cooperate economically

Code: 061
Description: Initiate, resume, improve, or expand economic exchange or cooperation.
Usage Notes: Trade relations and other economic exchanges that are reciprocal in nature— event if the particular event in question cannot be coded as reciprocal— should be coded here. Unilateral and potentially altruistic provisions of economic aid should be coded as 071 instead.
Example: European foreign direct investment flows in Latin America and the Caribbean rose more than eightfold during the second half of the 1990s compared with the first half of that decade, according to a study presented in Paris by the Inter-American Development Bank. Note: Two 061 events are coded due to the compound target.

Cooperate militarily

Code: 062
Description: Initiate, resume, improve, or expand military exchange or cooperation.
Usage Notes: Military exchanges such as joint military games and maneuvers should be coded here. Unilateral and potentially altruistic provisions of aid should be coded under ‘Provide Aid’ (07) instead.
Example: French and Egyptian warships on Monday launched 10 days of war games in the Mediterranean Sea, expected to be joined later by Italian and German vessels, the French embassy said Monday. Note: Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

Engage in judicial cooperation

Code: 063
Description: Initiate, resume, improve, or expand judicial cooperation.
Usage Notes: This code represents cooperation on judicial matters, such as extraditions and war crimes.
Example: Zambia extradited suspected British militant Haroon Rashid Aswad to Britain on Sunday, a senior Zambian government official said. Note: Given that this is a cooperative code, the location where the subject is being extradited to—and not the identity of the suspect—should be coded as the target.

Share intelligence or information

Code: 064
Description: Provide, share, or exchange intelligence or information.
Usage Notes: Voluntary exchanges or sharing of intelligence and other significant information should be coded here.
Example: Israeli intelligence officials have shared evidence with the U.S. about contacts between al Qaeda and senior members of Saddam Hussein’s Ba’ath Party, according to governmental officials.

PROVIDE AID

Provide aid

Code: 070
Description: All provisions, extension of material aid, not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 071-075 cannot be made. In order to be coded under this category, the leads must report the delivery of aids; promises to provide aid should be coded under category 033 instead.
Example: Doctors from two American aid groups donated and personally delivered $50,000 worth of goods to Baghdad University Medical School, risking as much as 12 years in prison and $500,000 in fines.

Provide economic aid

Code: 071
Description: Extend, provide monetary aid and financial guarantees, grants, gifts and credit.
Usage Notes: The lead must report the delivery of such aid; promises to provide aid should be coded under 033 instead. Debt relief should also be coded as 071.
Example: The European Community on Monday gave the Ivory Coast 5.1 million dollars of aid for agricultural development projects.

Provide military aid

Code: 072
Description: Extend, provide military and police assistance including arms and personnel.
Usage Notes: The lead must report the delivery of such aid; promises to provide aid should be coded under category 033 instead.
Example: The United States continued to send arms to Pakistan last year, a State Department Spokesman said Wednesday.

Provide humanitarian aid

Code: 073
Description: Extend, provide humanitarian aid, mainly in the form of emergency assistance.
Usage Notes: This code refers to events such as provisions of shelter, food, medicine, and evacuation of victims. The lead must report the delivery of such aid; promises to provide aid should be coded under category 033. Note that provisions of peacekeeping or other military forces are coded as 074 instead.
Example: Swiss doctors handed over 700 kg of medicine to the Red Crescent in Bam, Iran, according to the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.

Provide military protection or peacekeeping

Code: 074
Description: Provide peacekeepers or other military forces for protection, extend or expand their mandates.
Usage Notes: Code here reported deployment of forces; verbal promises and commitments to provide peacekeepers should be coded as 034. Note that this event form is accompanied by the linked event ‘Receive deployment of peacekeepers’ (084).
Example: The first deployment of NATO peacekeeping troops have arrived in Bosnia, Defense Secretary William Perry said.

Grant asylum

Code: 075
Description: Provide, grant asylum to persons.
Usage Notes: Asylum is typically granted by states to persons in its territories (territorial asylum) and it constitutes a legal protection awarded to those persons against other states. Diplomatic asylum, protection typically accorded on the premises of an embassy, can also be granted and is similarly coded here. Not that ‘Grant asylum’ refers to a specific legal event type; informal provisions of shelter or opening of borders to masses of refugees should be coded as ‘Provide humanitarian aid’ (073) instead.
Example: Peru has granted diplomatic asylum to five Panamanian army officers holed up in a diplomatic residence since last month’s U.S. invasion, the Peruvian embassy said on Tuesday.

YIELD

Yield

Code: 080
Description: All yieldings, concessions not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 081-087 cannot be made. Not that all of the event forms under this category refer to reported yieldings and tot to future commitments, agreements, or promises.
Example: Uganda said on Sunday it had paid compensation to 67 elderly British nationals, most of the Asians, for assets they lost when former dictator Idi Amin expelled them 18 years ago.

Ease administrative sanctions

Code: 081
Description: Relax or remove all administrative non-force sanctions and penalties, not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
Example: President Omar Hassan al-Bashir, following the partial peace deal, has taken several tentative steps to enhance political freedoms and promote an image of openness and tolerance in Sudan.

Ease restrictions on political freedoms

Code: 0811
Description: Relax or remove administrative restrictions on fundamental political freedoms such as freedoms of speech, expression, and assembly.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: The Latvian Constitutional Court cancelled restrictions on the use of the

Ease ban on political parties or politicians

Code: 0812
Description: Relax or remove administrative restrictions on the establishment or activities of political parties or certain politicians.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: The Ivory Coast’s Supreme Court decided to allow candidate Alassane Ouattara to participate in the country’s upcoming elections.

Ease curfew

Code: 0813
Description: Relax or remove regulations that require people to be off the streets at a given hour.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Yugoslavia lifted a night curfew in Kosovo where 28 people have been killed in ethnic riots this year and the province was reported quiet on Sunday.

Ease state of emergency or martial law

Code: 0814
Description: Relax or remove emergency regulations that suspend certain given rights, or relax or remove temporary rule by military authorities.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Yugoslavia eased emergency measures on Wednesday in Kosovo province, the scene of ethnic violence last March, as authorities in Croatia cracked down on Serbian nationalists.

Ease political dissent

Code: 082
Description: Cancel, suspend, or postpone any (non-war) activity that constitutes political dissent.
Usage Notes: Use this code for concessions by opposition groups in form of ending or putting on hold demonstrations, protests, rallies, etc.
Example: The Nigerian Union of Teachers (NUT), the umbrella union for primary school teachers, announced Thursday that it has called off a four-day strike after deliberations with the Nigerian government.

Accede to requests or demands for political reform

Code: 083
Description: Yield by instituting requested political changes.
Usage Notes: Note that this event type is different from ‘Express intent to institute political reform’ (034) as it involves the actual event of change‚Äînot just its promise. Just like military forms of yield, these could be voluntary concessions or involuntary surrenders.
Example: The Rwandan government on Thursday accepted demands from Hutu rebels that it initiate political reforms.

Accede to demands for change in leadership

Code: 0831
Description: Yield by relinquishing political power.
Usage Notes: Use this code when source surrenders power after being challenged through legitimate institutional channels (e.g. elections) or other coercive strategies (e.g. military coups). The target can either be the challenger(s) or the country as a whole.
Example: Tuesday the Serbian parliament approved a “special law” recognizing victories by Zoran Djindjic’s opposition coalition in November 17 municipal elections in 14 of the 18 most important Serbian cities, including Belgrade.

Accede to demands for change in policy

Code: 0832
Description: Yield by instituting demanded policy changes.
Usage Notes: Note the difference between policy and institutional change; the former can relate to any issue (economic, social, etc.) but it does not change the rules by which the political system functions. If another code within category 08 fits the policy in question more specifically, that code should take precedence
Example: As part of its fight to eradicate poverty, the governing Labour Party has introduced a legally-binding minimum rate of pay in Britain for the first time.

Accede to demands for rights

Code: 0833
Description: Yield by establishing, providing, or respecting political, social, or other rights.
Usage Notes: Allowing repatriation of refugees should also be coded here. If another code within category 08 fits the rights in question more specifically, that code should take precedence (e.g. respecting property rights by returning confiscated property should be coded as 0842 instead).
Example: The Federal Minister for Interior Aftab Ahmad Khan Sherpao allowed opposition leader Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman to bring out ‘Shan-e-Mustafa (SAW)’ Rally after an agreement on carrying out a violence free protest demonstration, according to the Pakistani Federal Secretary Interior.

Accede to demands for change in institutions, regime

Code: 0834
Description: Yield by undertaking major reforms that change how the political system functions.
Usage Notes: Changes from one type of a political system to another (e.g. from military dictatorship to multiparty democracy), as well as less comprehensive institutional changes that nevertheless modify the rules of the game (e.g. political party laws, electoral laws, powers and functions of different branches) are coded here.
Example: President Dos Sontas has reportedly conceded at last to demands from National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) to overhaul the judiciary.

Return, release

Code: 084
Description: All acts of releasing or returning not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
Example: According to a zoo spokesperson Malaysian authorities have initiated the process of returning the four baby gorillas to Nigeria, amid speculations they were illegally captured in the wild.

Return, release person(s)

Code: 0841
Description: Release people, including prisoners and hostages, from detention or arrest.
Usage Notes: Formal pardons, amnesties, commutations, and exchanges of prisoners should all be coded here.
Example: Polish police today released the correspondent of the American news agency United Press International, who was detained for 23 hours and questioned in connection with an inquiry into alleged illegal activities.

Return, release property

Code: 0842
Description: Return or release previously controlled, confiscated property, including land.
Usage Notes: When confiscated property or other rights are not returned but compensation is provided instead, those incidents should be coded as 080.
Example: French maritime authorities today release an impounded ship operated by the Greenpeace ecology movement, port officials said.

Ease economic sanctions, boycott, embargo

Code: 085
Description: Lift, relax, or lessen economic sanctions, boycott, embargoes, or penalties.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code state activities that imply easing of limitations to normal economic relations.
Example: Germany on Wednesday lifted sanctions against gold from South Africa in recognition of the country’s moves to abolish apartheid, a government spokesman said.

Allow international involvement

Code: 086
Description: Allow entry of or intervention by international actors not further specified.
Usage Notes: Use the following sub-categories whenever possible. The types of interna
Example: Kyrgyz Prime Minister Nikolai Tanaev received a mission of observers from the OSCE, informing them in detail on the economic situation of the country.

Receive deployment of peacekeepers

Code: 0861
Description: Allow, receive peacekeeping forces in territories controlled by the source.
Usage Notes: Code here reported deployment of peacekeeping forces (with location of deployment as the source); mere promises or agreements by fighting parties or a country to accept deployment of peacekeeping forces in its territories should be coded as 0355, and commitments to provide peacekeepers should be coded as 0334. The target for an 084 event should be the actor providing the peacekeepers. Note that this event form is accompanied by the linked event ‘Provide military protection or peacekeeping’ (074).
Example: A first patch of Bangladeshi peacekeeping troops arrived in Sierra Leone Tuesday, joining 12 unarmed military observers as the first element of an 800-strong Bangladeshi contingent due here, U.N. officials said. Note: Two linked events (0861 and 074) are coded with actors reversed.

Receive inspectors

Code: 0862
Description: Allow, receive inspectors in territories controlled by the source actor.
Usage Notes: Code here reported deployment or arrival of inspectors; mere promises or agreements to accept their deployment should be coded as 0355 instead. The target for an 085 event should be the inspectors or the country/agency providing them. This event form is typically accompanied by code under category 09.
Example: The IAEA has dispatched inspectors to Esfahan Uranium Conversion Facilities (UCF) in central Iran to monitor resumption of peaceful nuclear work at the plant. Note: Two linked events (0862 and 090) are coded with actors reversed.

Allow humanitarian access

Code: 0863
Description: Allow access to, receive humanitarian agencies in territories controlled by the source actor.
Usage Notes: Mere promises to allow such access should be coded as 0355. Note that this event form is accompanied by the linked event ‘Provide humanitarian aid’ (073) if the target is the humanitarian agency; in some cases the target would be the particular area that is given access.
Example: Humanitarian access for the Darfur region has improved significantly since September as the Khartoum government tried to secure international favor.

De-escalate military engagement

Code: 087
Description: Concede militarily, stop fighting, or take measures to ease military conflict or tension not further specified.
Usage Notes: Use sub-categories for more detailed coding whenever possible. Note that only real manifestations of de-escalation are coded here, expressions of intent to de-escalate are not.
Example: NULL

Declare truce, ceasefire

Code: 0871
Description: Declare or observe truce or ceasefire to interrupt fighting.
Usage Notes: Although mere declarations of ceasefire, or agreements to commence a cease-fire, do not guarantee that military engagement is actually halted, they are still coded here. The target could be the location for the ceasefire or the opponent.
Example: The pro-Iranian Hizbollah (Party of God) group declared a unilateral cease-fire on Wednesday in south Lebanon after 12 days of battles with the Syrian-backed Amal militia.

Ease military blockade

Code: 0872
Description: Lessen or halt use of armed (military, police, or security) forces to seal off a territory to prevent exit or entry of goods and/or people.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: The Israeli army lifted Friday a day-old blockade on Palestinian lorries passing through this crossing point between the Gaza Strip and the Jewish state, officials told AFP.

Demobilize armed forces

Code: 0873
Description: Hand over or otherwise reduce or eliminate arms, weapons; discharge soldiers or other armed personnel.
Usage Notes: The source actor for this event is the demobilizing party; the target is either the party against whom the source was formerly fighting or the actor to whom weaponry is turned in.
Example: One third of ethnic Albanian guerrillas operating in Macedonia have been demobilized since the August 13 peace accord between Macedonian and ethnic Albanian political parties, two rebel commanders told AFP by phone Sunday.

Retreat or surrender militarily

Code: 0874
Description: Retreat, withdraw, yield control of a location or territory by pulling out armed forces.
Usage Notes: Note that the yielding should involve a comprehensive military disengagement, at least from a certain area of contention.
Example: Five hundred Ugandan rebels surrendered last week in the eastern town in Soroti followin a government offensive in the area, a local official said.

INVESTIGATE

Investigate

Code: 090
Description: All non-covert investigations not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 091-094 cannot be made. Also note that category 09 should be used only when investigations are being or have been carried out. Investigation of historical cases should also be coded here.
Example: The United Nations has sent 21 military and civilian personnel to Yugoslavia on Wednesday to investigate the feasibility of a 10,000-member peacekeeping force, a U.N. spokesman said on Monday.

Investigate crime, corruption

Code: 091
Description: Question or inquire criminal (theft, killing, etc) or corruption cases.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Judge Alejandro Rivera opened fraud investigations against 28 Chilean government officials suspected of taking kickbacks, the court said Friday.

Investigate human rights abuses

Code: 092
Description: Inquire or search into human rights abuses such as rape, torture, targeted assassinations, and violations of basic freedoms.
Usage Notes: Investigations of war crimes are coded as 094 instead. Alleged or potential perpetrators should be coded as targets.
Example: Members of the Association of African Jurists, a body linked to the Organization of African Unity, investigated welfare of nearly 2,000 Libyans, some of whom have been held as long as seven years.

Investigate military action

Code: 093
Description: Inquire or search into military activities such as violations of ceasefire, seizures, and invasions.
Usage Notes: If military actions in question involve potential human rights violations or war crimes specifically, code them as 092 or 094 instead. The perpetrator of the questionable military action should be coded as the target.
Example: The Ceasefire Violations Committee (CFVC) has completed its investigation into an allegation by the Liberian Peace Council (LPC) that the NPFL had taken over the city of Greenville.

Investigate war crimes

Code: 094
Description: Inquire or investigate potential war crimes or look into allegations of war crimes.
Usage Notes: If the question surrounding a military action is not specified to be potential war crimes, 093 should be used instead. The perpetrator of the questionable military action should be coded as the target.
Example: Croatia is investigating alleged war crimes by Croatian extremists against Serb civilians and prisoners and will bring suspects to trial, a Croatian official said.

DEMAND

Demand

Code: 100
Description: All demands and orders not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 101-108 cannot be made. Note that demands are stronger or more forceful and potentially carry more serious repercussions—although not as much as threats—than simple appeals. We rely primarily on the language used by reporters to make this distinction. All demands are verbal acts.
Example: Poland’s parliament has demanded an immediate admission by Moscow that Soviet NKVD security forces murdered more than 15,000 captive Polish officers during World War Two.

Demand material cooperation

Code: 101
Description: Require, demand that target engages in some form of material exchange.
Usage Notes: Use the following sub-categories whenever possible. Demands for judicial cooperation, such as extradition of criminals, or compliance with requirements of an investigation are coded here.
Example: French President Jacques Chirac issued a stern reminder Saturday to Iraq that it must cooperate fully with UN inspectors probing suspect sites for weapons of mass destruction.

Demand economic cooperation

Code: 1011
Description: Require, demand that target engages in economic exchange or expands such ties.
Usage Notes: Use this code for demands for economic activities such as trade and investment. Demands for provision of economic aid—not mutual exchange—are coded as 1031 instead.
Example: The Bush administration declared Tuesday that China must drop barriers to U.S. exports or face tariff penalties for maintaining unfair trade practices.

Demand military cooperation

Code: 1012
Description: Require, demand that target engages in or expands military relations.
Usage Notes: Use this code for demands that target engages in military cooperation, such as through joint exercises or weapon sales. Demands for provision of military aid—not mutual exchange—are coded as 1032 instead.
Example: The PRC on Tuesday demanded that the US cancel plans to sell air-tosurface anti-tank weapons to Taiwan to avoid “new damage” to US-PRC relations. Note: While the requested policy does not directly involve material exchange between the source and the target, the former is clearly demanding cooperation on military issues.

Demand judicial cooperation

Code: 1013
Description: Require, demand that target engages in or expands cooperation in judicial matters.
Usage Notes: Use this code for demands that target engages in judicial cooperation, such as through extraditing wanted individuals.
Example: A senior British minister reiterated that Libya must hand over alleged bombers of the U.S. airliner as he embarked on a trip to North Africa to seek Arab support for the demand.

Demand intelligence cooperation

Code: 1014
Description: Require, demand that target exchanges intelligence or information.
Usage Notes: Use this code for demands that target engages in intelligence cooperation, including but not limited to the exchange of information in security matters.
Example: The rebel Kurdistan Workers’ Party issued a declaration demanding that the Turkish government provide information information on the safety of its leader Abdullah Ocalan.

Demand diplomatic cooperation (such as policy support)

Code: 102
Description: Require, demand expansion of diplomatic ties or cooperation.
Usage Notes: This code refers to demands for expanded diplomatic ties and non-tangible support on particular policies. Demands for more specific forms of diplomacy, such as mediation and negotiation are coded elsewhere within category
Example: Kosovo Municipality Association (AKK) officials demanded support from the Kosovo Assembly in regaining control over the properties that belonged to them before.

Demand material aid

Code: 103
Description: Require, demand provision of material assistance not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible. The source could be demanding aid for itself or on behalf of a third party; in either case, the actor who is expected to provide assistance should be coded as the target.
Example: The Third World Water Forum concluded on Saturday that the US and other developed nations must allocate greater financial resources to help with the battle against the global water and sanitation crisis.

Demand economic aid

Code: 1031
Description: Require, demand provision of economic assistance.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Demands for loans or debt relief are also coded here. Demands for reciprocal economic exchange, such as trade, should be coded as 1011 instead.
Example: According to reports the UK is pushing hard for the US support its debt relief plan to tackle poverty in Africa.

Demand military aid

Code: 1032
Description: Require, demand provision of military assistance.
Usage Notes: Note that demands for military security and deployment of peacekeepers are coded as 1034 instead. height
Example: NULL

Demand humanitarian aid

Code: 1033
Description: Require, demand provision of humanitarian aid.
Usage Notes: Demands by refugees to be let into the territories of other countries (which should be coded as targets) and asylum demands all fit here. These are not necessarily verbal acts; refugees could be actively seeking shelter or refuge in target countries or regions.
Example: Some 800,000 Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Germany last month.

Demand military protection or peacekeeping

Code: 1034
Description: Require, demand that the target provides military protection or peacekeeping forces.
Usage Notes: The source that demands peacekeepers could demand that for itself or on behalf of another party.
Example: Ethnic Albanians in south Serbia are demanding a U.N. military presence to protect them against a heavily armed ruling Serb minority and prevent a Bosnia-style civil war, but some foreign monitors are skeptical.

Demand political reform

Code: 104
Description: Require, demand political change not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. Demands that take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category 14 instead. Source actors can be local citizens as well as international actors; they could be making the appeal on their own behalf or on behalf of others. Note that when the requested reform clearly constitutes some form of concession or yielding by the target, such as the easing of administrative sanctions, a more appropriate “Demand” code might be found under 105.
Example: At the end of a seminar on reform, around 100 Arab intellectuals and activists published a declaration demanding wide-ranging political changes in the Arab world.

Demand change in leadership

Code: 1041
Description: Require, demand change in leadership or power.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. Demands that take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category 14 instead. Note that even though demands for the target to resign or relinquish power are forms of yielding, they are still coded here. Also code demands for elections here (unless they are first-time elections and hence constitute major institutional change).
Example: Sunnis have demanded that control of the Interior Ministry be taken away from Shiite religious parties in the next government.

Demand policy change

Code: 1042
Description: Require, demand change in any particular policy.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. Demands that take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category 14 instead. Just like the source actor, the policy in question can also be domestic or international in nature. If it is clear from the lead that by demanding certain policy changes the source is in fact appealing to the target to yield or concede, the event might be better coded under 105 (e.g. demands for military withdrawal should be coded as 1056).
Example: Opposition groups in Zimbabwe are demanding that President Mugabe abandon his controversial policy of land confiscations.

Demand rights

Code: 1043
Description: Require, demand provision or expansion of social, political, or other rights.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. Demands that take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category 14 instead. If it is clear from the lead that by demanding certain rights the source is in fact appealing to the target to yield or concede, the event might be better coded under 105. Demands for provision of compensation for previously violated rights, for instance, are coded as 105.
Example: The main Hutu rebel group, Forces for Defence of Democracy (FDD), insisted on its demands that Burundi’s government grant the Hutu majority more rights.

Demand change in institutions, regime

Code: 1044
Description: Require, demand major institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
Usage Notes: This event form refers to verbal and non-threatening appeals. Demands that take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category 14 instead. Institutional change is different from policy change in that the former directly alters the rules of the game. Demands for fundamental changes in the political system (e.g. democratization) as well as more limited institutional changes (e.g. changing electoral law) are coded here.
Example: Rwandan rebels announced that President Kagame and his Rwandan Patriotic Front must agree to major constitutional changes before they demobilize.

Demand that target yields

Code: 105
Description: Require, demand that target yields or concedes, not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The source for this event type may or may not be one of the adversaries; a third party could also be demanding that one or more of the parties in conflict (who are coded as targets) to yield. When a threat is attached to a demand for yielding, the appropriate code under category 13 should be used instead. Also, if accompanied by some form of protest activity, codes under category 14 should be used. When yielding actually takes place, use the appropriate code under category 08.
Example: The United States on Thursday demanded that the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) forsake its nuclear program. Note: Because no military engagement has yet occurred, this default code is used instead of 1056.

Demand easing of administrative sanctions

Code: 1051
Description: Require, demand that target relaxes administrative restrictions.
Usage Notes: Use this code when a government is pushed to undertake some political changes that clearly constitute some form of concession or yielding, such as relaxing or removing bans, curfews, or other restrictions that are already in place. Demands that take the form of demonstrations, protests, etc. are coded under category 14 instead.
Example: Human rights organization Amnesty International demanded that the Sudanese government end curbs on press freedom.

Demand easing of political dissent

Code: 1052
Description: Require, demand that target stops political protest activities.
Usage Notes: Use this code for demands that the target stop engaging in protests, demonstrations, strikes, etc. Note that this code refers exclusively to verbal demands; if the source actively seeks to stop activities through repressive measures, 175 is used instead.
Example: Iranian authorities have been pressuring workers of the United Bus Company of Tehran (Sharekat-e Vahed) to cancel the strike they have been planning for better pay and working conditions.

Demand release of persons or property

Code: 1053
Description: Require, demand that target releases persons or property.
Usage Notes: Use this code for demands that the target release prisoners, hostages, and any confiscated property.
Example: Russia said on Tuesday that Sudan must return a Mi-26 helicopter that was captured by the Sudanese authorities last week.

Demand easing of economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo

Code: 1054
Description: Require, demand that target lifts or eases economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo.
Usage Notes: Use this code only for economic sanctions, boycotts, or embargoes.
Example: The 106th Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference stressed the obligation of the international community to take immediate action to lift embargoes and other sanctions which have negatively affected children in different parts of the world.

Demand that target allows international involvement (non-mediation)

Code: 1055
Description: Require, demand that target allow access to international actors, such as observers, humanitarian agencies, and peacekeeping forces.
Usage Notes: Demands for adversaries to allow mediation are coded as 108 instead.
Example: Kenzo Oshima, the United Nations Emergency Relief Coordinator, demanded parties to the conflict in Iraq to allow humanitarian workers the freedom of movement necessary for discharging their mandate.

Demand de-escalation of military engagement

Code: 1056
Description: Require, demand that target stops fighting or takes measures to ease military conflict or tension.
Usage Notes: Use this code for demands for ceasefires, military withdrawals, and demobilization.
Example: Washington along with its allies demanded that Hamas renounce its armed struggle against Israel.

Demand meeting, negotiation

Code: 106
Description: Require, order party(ies) to meet, negotiate.
Usage Notes: This event form can be initiated by either the adversaries or other third parties.
Example: Yugoslavia on Tuesday demanded a meeting of the U.N. Security Council to discuss Croatia’s military advance into the Serb-held Krajina region, describing it as “a serious challenge to the world community.”

Demand settling of dispute

Code: 107
Description: Order parties to a conflict to reach a settlement, agreement, or resolution of conflict.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Note that the source for this event cannot be the adversaries themselves. When one or more parties to a conflict call for ending the conflict, that is taken to be an expression of intent on the part of that source actor and is thus coded as 037 instead.
Example: Jack Straw said on Friday that the Sudanese government and the rebels in Darfur must reach an agreement that stops the conflict for good before developmental assistance to the region is released. Note: Because of the compound target, two separate events are coded.

Demand mediation

Code: 108
Description: Require or demand that a third party mediates a conflict or that adversaries accept mediation of another party.
Usage Notes: This event form is a verbal act. It specifically refers to demands by actors other than potential mediators; either the adversaries or a prospective mediator can be coded as the target.
Example: Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said here Wednesday that the US must be ready to mediate between Israelis and Palestinians as soon as the Israeli elections of January 28 are finalized.

DISAPPROVE

Disapprove

Code: 110
Description: Express disapprovals, objections, and complaints not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 111-114 cannot be made. Disapprovals are typically verbal events.
Example: On Tuesday, Nigerian junior foreign minister Dubem Oniya summoned Niger’s ambassador Brah Mohamane to complain of inaction over the gangs.

Criticize or denounce

Code: 111
Description: Condemn, decry a policy or an action; criticize, defame, denigrate responsible parties.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Albania on Friday denounced as an ugly crime Yugoslavia’s suppression of ethnic Albanian unrest in the southern Yugoslav province of Kosovo.

Accuse

Code: 112
Description: Charge, blame, incriminate for allegations not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible. Note that events coded under 112 are allegation made by actors and do not in any way imply that the alleged events have taken place.
Example: Zimbabwean Prime Minister Robert Mugabe today accused the United States of restoring the blackmail in the negotiations on independence for Namibia.

Accuse of crime, corruption

Code: 1121
Description: Allege, charge the target with, or blame for engaging in crime or corruption.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Ousted president Jean-Bertrand Aristide has been accused of misusing up to US$50 million ($73 million) in public funds, much of it believed to have been embezzled, by current Haitian government officials.

Accuse of human rights abuses

Code: 1122
Description: Allege, charge the target with, or blame for human rights violations, such as arbitrary detentions for prosecutions, torture, and slavery.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Human rights watchdog Amnesty International accused the United States of violating human rights, ignoring international law and sending a “permissive signal to abusive governments”.

Accuse of aggression

Code: 1123
Description: Allege, charge the target with, or blame for initiating hostilities or engaging in questionable or unjustifiable military actions such as violations of ceasefire.
Usage Notes: If the nature of the military action in question relates to human rights abuses or war crimes, they should be coded elsewhere within this category.
Example: The Sudanese government has accused Darfur rebels of violating a month-old ceasefire, a member of the Chadian team trying to broker a peace pact has said.

Accuse of war crimes

Code: 1124
Description: Allege, charge the target with, or blame for participation in war crimes/
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Kosovo’s prime minister has been indicted by the U.N. war crimes court for his alleged part in atrocities during the fight against Serb forces and will resign.

Accuse of espionage, treason

Code: 1125
Description: Allege, charge the target with, or blame for spying, espionage, or treason.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: A Christian missionary from Calgary was arrested in Lebanon for collaborating with Israel, according to the Canadian Press.

Rally opposition against

Code: 113
Description: Mobilize other parties against the target.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Use this event form to code instances where one party (the source) solicits third parties to express disapproval of, protest against, or punish another party (the target). Note that only diplomatic solicitations—not military mobilizations—should be coded here.
Example: An official Syrian newspaper called Thursday on Arabs to unite and “mobilize” against Israeli right-winger Ariel Sharon, who has vowed not to return the Golan Heights to Syria if he is elected prime minister February 4.

Complain officially

Code: 114
Description: Written and institutionalized protests, appeals, and all petition drives and recalls.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Yugoslavia lodged an official protest with Albania today, charging its neighbor with supporting dissidents here in what is said was tantamount to inciting revolution.

Bring lawsuit against

Code: 115
Description: Sue, file civil or criminal lawsuit at domestic or international courts.
Usage Notes: Source must be the plaintiff or the state and target must be the defendant.
Example: A Saudi businessman is suing the United States for damages to his pharmaceutical plant which were caused by a missile attack in August, his American lawyer said.

find guilty or liable (legally)

Code: 116
Description: Find guilty or liable at a court of law.
Usage Notes: Source must be the court in question, which could be domestic or international, and target must be the defendant. This event form refers typically to rulings against non-individuals, where imprisonment is not an issue. When individuals are found guilty and are therefore detained, use 173 instead.
Example: A European court convicted Turkey of “inhuman acts” Thursday for destroying the home of a Kurdish citizen in the country’s southeast.

REJECT

Reject

Code: 120
Description: All rejections and refusals not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 121-127 cannot be made. All rejections coded under this category should imply refusals to cooperate or yield in some way.
Example: The Palestinians reject proposed Israeli changes to the Wye River land-forsecurity deal, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erakat said.

Reject material cooperation

Code: 121
Description: Refuse to engage in or expand material exchange.
Usage Notes: This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible. Refusals to provide unilateral material assistance—not mutual exchange— are coded as 122 instead. Note the difference between refusing to establish or expand material cooperation and reducing or eliminating existing ties (category 16).
Example: Yemen has rejected a U.S. request to interrogate detainees held after the escape of 23 al-Qaida prisoners, a security official said Tuesday.

Reject economic cooperation

Code: 1211
Description: Refuse to engage in or expand economic ties.
Usage Notes: Use this code for rejections of mutual economic exchange, such as trade and investment; rejection to provide financial aid (or cancel debt) is coded as 1221 instead.
Example: Bangladesh has once again outright rejected an Indian proposal for signing Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with her, urging the counterpart to sign the proposed South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) instead.

Reject military cooperation

Code: 1212
Description: Refuse to engage in or expand military ties.
Usage Notes: Use this code for rejections of mutual military exchange; rejection to provide military aid is coded as 1222 instead.
Example: South Korea has rejected North Korea’s consistent demand to sever a decades-long military alliance with Washington, which keeps troops here under a mutual defense pact.

Reject judicial cooperation

Code: 1213
Description: Refuse to engage in or expand cooperation in judicial matters.
Usage Notes: Use this code when the source actor refuses to cooperate in extraditions or other matters pertaining to legal proceedings.
Example: Yugoslavia on Thursday flatly rejected an Australian ultimatum to handover a guard involved in a shooting in front of the Yugoslav consulate in Sydney.

Reject request or demand for material aid

Code: 122
Description: Refuse to extend material aid not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code refusals to provide material assistance. Use sub-categories whenever possible.
Example: NULL

Reject request for economic aid

Code: 1221
Description: Refuse to extend financial assistance.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Bonn rejected recent calls by East Germany’s Communist rulers for immediate economic aid, saying it was withholding it until a democratically-elected government takes over.

Reject request for military aid

Code: 1222
Description: Refuse to extend military assistance.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: The Turkish government has refused to commit to any direct assistance to the US-led war against Iraq, citing domestic opposition.

Reject request for humanitarian aid

Code: 1223
Description: Refuse to extend humanitarian assistance.
Usage Notes: Refusals to provide shelter or refuge should also be coded here. When source refuses to grant humanitarian agencies access (instead of refusing to provide assistance itself), 1245 should be used instead.
Example: Syria says it will not accept any more refugees if war starts in Iraq.

Reject request for military protection or peacekeeping

Code: 1224
Description: Refuse to provide peacekeeping forces or other form of military protection.
Usage Notes: Refusals by prospective providers of protection and peacekeeping should be coded here; refusals by adversaries to grant access to peacekeepers should be coded as 1245 instead.
Example: The United Nations on Tuesday rejected a call for its peacekeeping forces to be deployed in East Timor.

Reject request or demand for political reform

Code: 123
Description: Refuse to institute political change not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: If the reform in question clearly constitutes some form of concession or yielding by the source, such as the easing of existing administrative sanctions, a more appropriate code might be found under 124 (‘Decline to yield’). Actors requesting the demand or those (the country or the people) that will be affected by the rejection should be coded as target depending on availability of information in the lead.
Example: The US on Thursday rejected calls by Kofi Annan, UN secretary-general, to adopt far-reaching United Nations reforms as a comprehensive package.

Reject request for change in leadership

Code: 1231
Description: Refuse to change leadership or relinquish power.
Usage Notes: Rejections to resign or hand over power, as well as to hold elections that might open the way for change in leadership, are coded here. Note that while refusals to undertake other forms of yielding are coded under 124, refusals to give up power are coded here.
Example: Vice-President Moody Awori has declined to resign despite growing pressure by the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commision after he was implicated in a major scandal.

Reject request for policy change

Code: 1232
Description: Refuse to change a given policy.
Usage Notes: Use this code for refusals to acquiesce to demands for policy change— political, economic, military, social, or otherwise. If the policy change in question clearly represents a form of yielding, the appropriate code under 124 should be used instead.
Example: NULL

Reject request for rights

Code: 1233
Description: Refuse to provide or respect social, political, economic or other rights and freedoms.
Usage Notes: If it is clear from the lead that by rejecting certain rights the source is in fact refusing to yield or concede, the event might be better coded under 124.
Example: Ankara’s C¬∏ ankaya district administration has denied land allocation for the construction of an Alevite temple, Cemevi, in the district.

Reject request for change in institutions, regime

Code: 1234
Description: Refuse to make fundamental political changes, such as moving from one type of a political system to another and reforming political institutions or key laws.
Usage Notes: Note the difference between institutional/regime changes and policy reforms.
Example: In what has been described as a policy u-turn, President Levy Mwanawasa has reneged on his commitment to the Zambian people for holding elections under a new constitution.

Refuse to yield

Code: 124
Description: Reject requests, refuse, or decline to yield not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
Example: NULL

Refuse to ease administrative sanctions

Code: 1241
Description: Reject requests, refuse or decline to ease administrative sanctions, such as censorship, curfew, state of emergency, and martial law.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Despite warnings of starvation by humanitarian agencies, the Israeli government is refusing to lift the curfew on Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza.

Refuse to ease popular dissent

Code: 1242
Description: Reject requests, refuse, or decline to reduce or stop political protest activities, such as demonstrations and rallies.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Around 1,800 of 2,200 Serbian teachers will not end their strike unless their demands for wage increases are met by Belgrade, a union official announced after three weeks of striking.

Refuse to release persons or property

Code: 1243
Description: Reject requests, refuse, or decline to release or return persons or property.
Usage Notes: Refusals to release or exchange prisoners and hostages, as well as to return previously confiscated properties, are coded here.
Example: The U.S. said it would not meet hostage-takers demands to release prisoners in Iraq, including a number of females. Note: In an ideal scenario, the identity of the hostage-takers would have been codeable here.

Refuse to ease economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo

Code: 1244
Description: Reject requests, refuse, or decline to reduce or eliminate economic sanctions,
Usage Notes: Use this code only for economic sanctions, boycotts, or embargoes.
Example: US authorities said yesterday that removing the sanctions on Burma is cur

Refuse to allow international involvement (non mediation)

Code: 1245
Description: Reject requests, refuse or decline to allow access to international actors such as observers, humanitarian agencies, and peacekeeping forces.
Usage Notes: Prospective peacekeepers, observers, etc. are coded as targets.
Example: The UNITA militarist wing refused to allow United Nations planes to land and evacuate 15 of its observers who were taken hostage, the United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) said.

Refuse to de-escalate military engagement

Code: 1246
Description: Reject requests, refuse, or decline to stop fighting or take measures to ease military conflict or tension.
Usage Notes: Use this code for rejections of ceasefires, military withdrawals, and demobilization.
Example: Iran’s religious leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini today rejected Iraqi President Saddam Hussein’s proposal for a cease-fire during the Moslem holy month of Ramadan.

Reject proposal to meet, discuss, or negotiate

Code: 125
Description: Refuse to meet, discuss, or negotiate.
Usage Notes: Note that specific refusals to accept involvement of mediators or refusals to meet with mediators are coded as 126 instead.
Example: Israeli President Moshe Katsav has refused to meet Jordan’s visiting King Abdullah II in Tel Aviv, saying he would only welcome him in Jerusalem, his office said Tuesday.

Reject mediation

Code: 126
Description: Refuse involvement of mediators or mediation initiatives.
Usage Notes: The target for this event should be the potential mediators.
Example: Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat Wednesday rejected a US offer to host a summit in mid-July to hammer out a framework agreement for peace between the Israelis and the Palestinians.

Reject plan, agreement to settle dispute

Code: 127
Description: Reject a proposal or request for a final, comprehensive settlement, peace proposal, or resolution.
Usage Notes: This event form refers typically, although not exclusively, to written and/or formal proposals of comprehensive settlements that seek to resolve a conflict. The target should be the opponent with whom the source is involved in a conflict.
Example: Ivory Coast rebels on Friday again rejected a west African peace plan, and said they also opposed the deployment of a regional peacekeeping force until their political demands are met.

Defy norms, law

Code: 128
Description: Disobey, challenge, or resist laws or norms.
Usage Notes: This event category covers both civilian disobedience and official defiance.
Example: The republic of Slovenia defied Yugoslav federal authority on Wednesday and was set to declare its right to secede from the country.

Veto

Code: 129
Description: Refuse to assent or formally reject legislative proposal, recommendation, or resolution.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: The United States on Wednesday vetoed a Security Council resolution censuring as a violation of international law its military sweep of the Nicaraguan ambassador’s home in Panama on December 29.

THREATEN

Threaten

Code: 130
Description: All threats, coercive or forceful warnings with serious potential repercussions, not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: Threats are typically verbal acts. This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 131-139 cannot be made. When any conflictual behavior is forecasted using future tense, it is treated as a “threat” (e.g. ‘will attack’ is coded as ‘Threaten to attack’).
Example: President Reagan has threatened further action against the Soviet Union in an international television program beamed by satellite to more than 50 countries.

Threaten non-force

Code: 131
Description: All non-force threats not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event form is a verbal act. It contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible. When non-force threats are actually carried out codes 160-166 should be used instead. Threats of administrative sanctions, such as bans or curfews, should be coded under 132.
Example: Iran on Tuesday threatened to cut off electricity to the autonomous Azerbaijani republic of Nakhichevan over non-payment of bills, the official IRNA news agency reported.

Threaten to reduce or stop aid

Code: 1311
Description: Threaten to reduce or stop providing material aid.
Usage Notes: Use this code for threats to reduce or eliminate provision of material assistance—economic, military, humanitarian, and peacekeeping.
Example: African states today announced that they will withdraw their peacekeeping force from Chad unless President Goukouni Oueddei arranged a ceasefire with rebels fighting to topple his government and held elections within four months.

Threaten with sanctions, boycott, embargo

Code: 1312
Description: Threaten to restrict normal economic interactions by imposing sanctions, boycotts, or embargoes.
Usage Notes: Use this code for the imposition of restrictions or restraints on economic exchange, typically on commerce and similar transactions as a way to protest or punish the target.
Example: A French minister threatened today to impose import restrictions against West German goods today as the leaders of the two countries sought to ease tensions in Franco-German relations.

Threaten to reduce or break relations

Code: 1313
Description: Threaten to reduce or formally sever ties.
Usage Notes: Non-force threats to declare independence, resign, withdraw diplomats, reduce or break diplomatic ties, etc. are all coded here.
Example: The Azerbaijani parliament threatened on Monday to secede from the Soviet Union unless the Kremlin withdrew its troops from the republic.

Threaten with administrative sanctions

Code: 132
Description: Threaten to impose or expand non-force administrative restrictions and
Usage Notes: Use sub-categories for more detailed coding whenever possible.
Example: Greece, like most other existing members, plans to impose restrictions on its

Threaten with restrictions on political freedoms

Code: 1321
Description: Threaten to impose or expand restrictions on fundamental freedoms, such as freedoms of speech, expression, and assembly.
Usage Notes: Note that if a threat indicates potential use of coercive repressive tactics as a way of enforcing the restrictions in question, 137 should be used instead.
Example: Israel threatened to ban voting in East Jerusalem if Hamas, which advocates Israel’s destruction, ran in the election.

Threaten to ban political parties or politicians

Code: 1322
Description: Threaten to ban political activities of particular parties or individuals.
Usage Notes: If the target is being threatened with imprisonment or other measures of
Example: Israel’s Cabinet met Sunday and decided to approve a plan that will not allow candidates from the militant group Hamas on the ballots there.

Threaten to impose curfew

Code: 1323
Description: Threaten to enforce a deadline beyond which inhabitants of an area are not permitted to be on the streets or in public places.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: President Laurent Gbagbo announced on Sunday that he will extend the night-time curfew in Algiers in response to recent unrest within the city. Note: Note that the future tense used in the lead implies a threat.

Threaten to impose state of emergency or martial law

Code: 1324
Description: Threaten with suspending certain given rights or the whole constitution by imposing state of emergency or military rule.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Iraq’s interim government announced that it is prepared to impose martial law as street battles raged in central Baghdad between insurgents and security forces.

Threaten with political dissent, protest

Code: 133
Description: Threaten to mobilize or engage in actions of political dissent such as protest demonstrations, hunger strikes, strikes or boycotts, physical obstructions into buildings or areas, and riots.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Radical French farmers said on Friday they would blockade Paris from Monday night to demand an end to the European Community’s drastic farm reform.

Threaten to halt negotiations

Code: 134
Description: Threaten to break-up or withdraw from discussion, negotiation, or meeting.
Usage Notes: Use this code for threats and warnings by source actors to stop negotiations, typically presented as protests against particular actions or policies of target actors.
Example: The Soviet Union has threatened to stop negotiations to reduce long-range nuclear weapons if the United States goes ahead with the planned deployment of new medium-range nuclear missiles in Europe, the Washington Post reported today.

Threaten to halt mediation

Code: 135
Description: Threaten to stop mediation activities.
Usage Notes: This event form is a verbal act. Use this event form to code threats and warnings by source actors—mediators or adversaries—to stop mediating or engaging in mediated talks.
Example: The European Community may halt mediation efforts among Yugoslavia’s feuding republics if cooperation by all parties founders, Dutch Foreign Minister Hans Van den Broek said on Tuesday.

Threaten to halt international involvement (non-mediation)

Code: 136
Description: Threaten to reduce or stop international intervention by expelling or withdrawing observers, humanitarian agencies, peacekeepers, etc.
Usage Notes: Threats by international agencies to withdraw their involvement as well as threats by host countries to expel such actors are coded here. Note that mediation related threats are coded as 135 instead.
Example: U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan announced on Monday that he will withdraw weapons inspectors and humanitarian workers from Iraq. Note: Future tense in the lead indicates threat (i.e. it has not yet taken place).

Threaten with repression

Code: 137
Description: Threaten dissidents with forcible subjugation.
Usage Notes: Threats to imprison as well as to use force to clamp down on opposition activities are coded here. Note that even though it might involve use of violence by police or other security forces, repression of dissidents is different from use of military force against another armed group; threats to use military force or to engage in battle are coded under 138 instead.
Example: Cairo’s security chief has warned that police will no longer tolerate rallies by the Kifaya (“Enough”) group.

Threaten with military force

Code: 138
Description: Threaten to use force not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event form is a verbal act and it contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible. More active expressions of threat to use force are coded under category 15.
Example: Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaeda terror network has threatened to deliver devastating blows to the United States and Israel, a Saudi-owned weekly reports. Note: Because of the compound target, two events are coded.

Threaten blockade

Code: 1381
Description: Threaten to prevent entry into and/or exit from a territory using military measures.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically a verbal act.
Example: NATO confirmed on Wednesday it would tighten the naval blockade of the rump Yugoslav state in the Adriatic with Albania’s help.

Threaten occupation

Code: 1382
Description: Threaten to occupy, seize control of the whole or part of a territory.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically a verbal act and is distinct from 192, which refers to military occupations that have been or are being carried out.
Example: Ethnic Albanians have sworn to fight until they gain control of villages near Macedonia’s border with Kosovo, Macedonian officials said Wednesday.

Threaten unconventional violence

Code: 1383
Description: Threaten to use unconventional violence, including terrorist activities.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically a verbal act and is distinct from unconventional attacks that are actually carried out (category 18).
Example: The Hamas threatened Monday to resume terrorist activities in Israel in an escalation of the intifada (uprising).

Threaten conventional attack

Code: 1384
Description: Threaten to attack, use conventional weapons against a party.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically a verbal act.
Example: Iran today threatened to launch a new military offensive in its Gulf war with Iraq unless Baghdad accepted its conditions for ending the 28-monthold conflict.

Threaten attack with WMD

Code: 1385
Description: Threaten to use force potentially affecting large masses of people, including the use of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear or chemical-biologicalradiological attacks), mass expulsions or killings, as well as ethnic cleansing.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically a verbal act. Use this code for threats to carry out actions best represented in cue category 20.
Example: A terror group based in Trinidad claims to be manufacturing chemical and biological weapons to use against the United States and Britain, according to a media report Sunday. Note: Because of the compound target, two events are coded.

Give ultimatum

Code: 139
Description: Give a final warning, ultimate demand or order.
Usage Notes: This event form is typically a verbal act. Use it to code final demands, rejection of which carries the risk of some form of retaliation by the party issuing the ultimatum. Use of this code depends primarily on the terminology used by reporters‚Äîlook for the word ‘ultimatum’, otherwise, it is simply a threat.
Example: Peru has issued an ultimatum to Ecuador to halt attacks across their disputed jungle border.

PROTEST

Engage in political dissent

Code: 140
Description: All civilian demonstrations and other collective actions carried out as protests against the target actor not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 141-145 cannot be made. Note that any form of civilian individual or collective action that is undertaken as a symbol of support—rather than protest— for the target actor should be coded elsewhere (potentially under category 05).
Example: The Homeland Union (Conservatives) began collecting signatures in part of a drive to convince the Lithuanian Parliament to amend the constitution so that same-sex marriages are banned.

Demonstrate or rally

Code: 141
Description: Dissent collectively, publicly show negative feelings or opinions; rally, gather to protest a policy, action, or actor(s).
Usage Notes: Use sub-categories if demands of protesters are known and codeable. The target for this event form is the party that the protest is directed against; the location of a demonstration sometimes represents the identity of the target.
Example: Up to 100 ethnic Albanians demonstrated on Tuesday in the Yugoslav province of Kosovo, where 24 people were killed in nationalist riots last March, Belgrade radio said.

Demonstrate for leadership change

Code: 1411
Description: Dissent collectively, gather, or rally demanding leadership change.
Usage Notes: Target should be the actor who is expected to relinquish power. Demonstrations that demand new elections should also be coded here.
Example: Angry activists from the defeated Fatah Party have staged rallies in the Gaza Strip against the party’s leader Mahmoud Abbas, saying he must resign.

Demonstrate for policy change

Code: 1412
Description: Dissent collectively, gather, or rally demanding policy change.
Usage Notes: Use this code when demonstrators demand specific policy changes or unspecified political reforms.
Example: Tens of thousands of university students throughout Indonesia staged mass demonstrations Saturday to demand political reforms by President Suharto’s government.

Demonstrate for rights

Code: 1413
Description: Dissent collectively, gather, or rally demanding political, social, economic, or other rights.
Usage Notes: Use this code for demonstrations that demand new rights or protest the violation of existing ones.
Example: Thousands of Nigerians from throughout the country were converging Thursday for a rally in Lagos to protest the rights violations under the recently imposed Sharia law by Islamic fundamentalists in the northern districts.

Demonstrate for change in institutions, regime

Code: 1414
Description: Dissent collectively, gather, or rally demanding major institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
Usage Notes: Note the difference between institutional/constitutional changes and policy reforms. Demonstrations that call for independence or autonomy essentially demand major changes to the whole system and are hence coded here.
Example: Thousands of Iraqi Kurds demonstrated in the northern city of Kirkuk on Sunday calling for independence from Iraq, witnesses said.

Conduct hunger strike

Code: 142
Description: Protest by refusing to eat until certain demands are met, not further specified.
Usage Notes: Use sub-categories if demands of protesters are known and codeable. The target for this event form is the party against which the hunger strikers protest.
Example: Up to 1,000 ethnic Turks began a hunger strike on Monday to protest against Sweden’s decision to send them back to Bulgaria, where they say they face imprisonment, homelessness and persecution.

Conduct hunger strike for leadership change

Code: 1421
Description: Refuse to eat until demands for leadership change are met.
Usage Notes: Target should be the actor who is expected to relinquish power. Hunger strikes that demand new elections should also be coded here.
Example: Islamic fundamentalists continued their hunger strike to demand the resignation of Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella.

Conduct hunger strike for policy change

Code: 1422
Description: Refuse to eat until demands for policy reform are met.
Usage Notes: Use this code when protesters demand specific policy changes or unspecified political reforms.
Example: A member of the Syrian parliament, Mohammed Mamoun, started a hunger strike yesterday to protest President Assad’s failure to usher in meaningful political reforms.

Conduct hunger strike for rights

Code: 1423
Description: Refuse to eat until demands for political, social, economic, or other rights are met.
Usage Notes: Use this code for hunger strikes that demand new rights or protest the violation of existing ones.
Example: Algerian landowners began a hunger strike outside Parliament to demand the return of property seized by Algerian government forces in the 1970s, APS news agency said.

Conduct hunger strike for change in institutions, regime

Code: 1424
Description: Refuse to eat until demands for major institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
Usage Notes: Note the difference between institutional/constitutional changes and policy reforms. Hunger strikes that call for independence or autonomy essentially demand major changes to the whole system and are hence coded here.
Example: A group of Chenchen refugees are continuing a hunger strike in protest of the Russian government’s refusal to accept the independence of Chechnya.

Conduct strike or boycott

Code: 143
Description: Protest by refusing to work or cooperate until certain demands are met, not specified further.
Usage Notes: Use sub-categories if demands of protesters are known and codeable. The target for this event form is the party against which the hunger strikers protest. This event form does not refer to military strikes, which are coded under category 19 instead.
Example: Palestinians of the Israeli-occupied West Bank shunned work on Monday to protest at settlement of Soviet Jewish immigrants on Arab land.

Conduct strike or boycott for leadership change

Code: 1431
Description: Refuse to work or cooperate until demands for leadership change are met.
Usage Notes: Target should be the actor who is expected to relinquish power. Strikes or
Example: The fundamentalist Umma (Nation) party has said it will boycott Algeria’s first multi-party elections unless the president agrees to step down. Note: Ideally the Algerian president would have been coded as the target.

Conduct strike or boycott for policy change

Code: 1432
Description: Refuse to work or cooperate until demands for policy reform are met.
Usage Notes: Use this code when protesters demand specific policy changes or unspecified political reforms.
Example: Some 500,000 workers affiliated with the Serbian Workers’ Union (SSS) stopped work on the first day of an open-ended strike on Monday over a controversial employment bill signed in by Serbian Labour Minister Dragan Milovanovic.

Conduct strike or boycott for rights

Code: 1433
Description: Refuse to work or cooperate until demands for political, social, economic, or other rights are met.
Usage Notes: Use this code for strikes or boycotts that demand new rights or protest the violation of existing ones.
Example: Seven opposition parties in Nepal have organized a general strike that shut down Khatmandu in protest of last week’s arrest of a number of activists.

Conduct strike or boycott for change in institutions, regime

Code: 1434
Description: Refuse to work or cooperate until demands for major institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
Usage Notes: Note the difference between institutional/constitutional changes and policy reforms. Strikes that call for independence or autonomy essentially demand major changes to the whole system and are hence coded here.
Example: NULL

Obstruct passage, block

Code: 144
Description: Protest by blocking entry and/or exit into building or area, not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: Use sub-categories if demands of protesters are known and codeable. Use this event form to code protest activities that seek to disrupt routine and normal proceedings by blocking roads, buildings, etc. When the blockade in question includes military forces, use 191 instead.
Example: Angry French paper workers blocked the Europe Bridge spanning the Rhine from France to West Germany for more than three hours by dumping sawdust on the roadway, French border police said.

Obstruct passage to demand leadership change

Code: 1441
Description: Obstruct passage, block entry/exit to demand leadership change.
Usage Notes: Target should be the actor who is expected to relinquish power. Obstructions that demand new elections should also be coded here.
Example: About 200 supporters of former President Ahmed Ben Bella blocked roads in the capital city of Algiers demanding that he be reinstated as leader of the Algerian government.

Obstruct passage to demand policy change

Code: 1442
Description: Obstruct passage, block entry/exit to demand policy reform.
Usage Notes: Use this code when protesters demand specific policy changes or unspecified political reforms.
Example: Demonstrators in Baghdad blocked a road to show their disapproval for the United States’ military policies, a newspaper reported Tuesday.

Obstruct passage to demand rights

Code: 1443
Description: Obstruct passage, block entry/exit to demand political, social, economic, or other rights.
Usage Notes: Use this code for obstructions that demand new rights or protest the violation of existing ones.
Example: Young Algerians blocked roads leading to the city centre on Sunday to press their demands for greater freedom and opportunities from President Bouteflika’s government.

Obstruct passage to demand change in institutions, regime

Code: 1444
Description: Obstruct passage, block entry/exit to demand major institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
Usage Notes: Note the difference between institutional/constitutional changes and policy reforms. Obstructions that call for independence or autonomy essentially demand major changes to the whole system and are hence coded here.
Example: Hundreds of thousands of people blocked streets in Hong Kong in defiance of Chinese authorities to demand democratic reforms.

Protest violently, riot

Code: 145
Description: Protest forcefully, in a potentially destructive manner, not further specified.
Usage Notes: Use sub-categories if demands of protesters are known and codeable. Use this event form to code demonstrations and protests that turn violent. When the use of force to cause casualties is the primary purpose, use categories 18, 19, or 20 instead.
Example: Palestinian prisoners rioted Monday at this jail in northern Israel, setting fire to their mattresses and smashing furniture, police sources said.

Engage in violent protest for leadership change

Code: 1451
Description: Protest forcefully, in a potentially destructive manner, to demand leadership change.
Usage Notes: Target should be the actor who is expected to relinquish power. Riots that demand new elections should also be coded here.
Example: Egyptian demonstrators rioted following a peaceful demonstration calling for the immediate removal of President Hosni Mubarak from office.

Engage in violent protest for policy change

Code: 1452
Description: Protest forcefully, in a potentially destructive manner, to demand policy reform.
Usage Notes: Use this code when protesters demand specific policy changes or unspecified political reforms.
Example: Palestinian riots against Israeli military policies are still continuing with no end in sight.

Engage in violent protest for rights

Code: 1453
Description: Protest forcefully, in a potentially destructive manner, to demand political, social, economic, or other rights.
Usage Notes: Use this code for riots that demand new rights or protest the violation of existing ones.
Example: Palestinian youths resorted to throwing stones during demonstrations against the alleged human rights violations by the Israeli military, officials said on Thursday.

Engage in violent protest for change in institutions, regime

Code: 1454
Description: Protest forcefully, in a potentially destructive manner, to demand major institutional, constitutional, or regime change.
Usage Notes: Note the difference between institutional/constitutional changes and policy reforms. Riots that call for independence or autonomy essentially demand major changes to the whole system and are hence coded here.
Example: Prisoners rioted at a jail in East Timor’s capital Dili on Monday joining thousands of demonstrators in demanding a referendum on independence from Indonesian rule, locals said.

EXHIBIT FORCE POSTURE

Demonstrate military or police power

Code: 150
Description: All military or police moves that fall short of the actual use of force, not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This category is different from cue categories 18, 19, and 20, as they refer to uses of force, while military posturing falls short of actual use of force and is typically a demonstration of military capabilities and readiness. Category 15 is also distinct from category 13 in that the latter refers merely to threats, is typically verbal, and does not involve any activity that is undertaken to demonstrate military power. Note that source actors for codes 150-153 are not necessarily militaries affiliated with states but any organized armed groups. Targets are actors against whom the source mobilizes its military capabilities in a threatening manner.
Example: The Macedonian army prepared to resume shelling Albanian rebel-held territory as attempts to resolve the crisis on the political front were deadlocked.

Increase police alert status

Code: 151
Description: Need new description.
Usage Notes: Need new usage notes.
Example: NEED EXAMPLE.

Increase military alert status

Code: 152
Description: Heighten military readiness and caution; be prepared to use force.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code formal military orders to go on alert. The party against whom the military move is directed is the target actor.
Example: Israeli troops remained on alert in the occupied West Bank today to forestall more violence after a week of unprecedented Palestinian civil unrest.

Mobilize or increase police power

Code: 153
Description: Increase the number of military personnel and/or weapons.
Usage Notes: Use this code when the government mobilizes police power to demonstrate strength, mostly as a scare tactic.
Example: The government of Sindh province has ordered patrols by police and paramilitary soldiers after violent protests by Muslim groups.

Mobilize or increase armed forces

Code: 154
Description: Increase the number of military personnel and/or weapons.
Usage Notes: The party against whom the military move is directed is the target actor.
Example: Israel has strengthened its forces in Lebanon following the discovery of Soviet-made Katyusha rockets in the area last week, military sources said today.

Mobilize or increase cyber-forces

Code: 155
Description: Increase the capacity to wage cyber-warfare.
Usage Notes: This event can only be coded when the move is directed against a specific target or targets, whether as an o↵ensive or defensive move.
Example: North Korea has trained more than 500 computer hackers capable of launching cyber warfare against the United States, South Korea’s defense ministry said Monday.

REDUCE RELATIONS

Reduce relations

Code: 160
Description: All reductions in normal, routine, or cooperative relations not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 161-166 cannot be made.
Example: Italy announced a suspension of air links with Yugoslavia on Wednesday, one day after a Yugoslav army jet shot down a helicopter carrying EC truce monitors.

Reduce or break diplomatic relations

Code: 161
Description: Curtail, decrease, break, or terminate diplomatic exchange.
Usage Notes: Cancellation of meetings, withdrawal, or expulsion of diplomats and termination of other diplomatic activities (excluding negotiations and mediations which are coded as 163 and 165 respectively) should be coded here.
Example: A French minister has cancelled a planned visit to Haiti after a state of siege was declared in the one-time French colony, the Foreign Affairs Ministry said on Sunday.

Reduce or stop material aid

Code: 162
Description: Reductions or terminations of aid not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event form category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
Example: The United States announced Wednesday it would prohibit all aid to Albanian rebels in Macedonia and would deny entry to the United States to all individuals undermining stability there.

Reduce or stop economic assistance

Code: 1621
Description: Decrease or terminate provision of economic aid.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Japan said on Tuesday it had halted economic aid to Yugoslavia in line with Western efforts to end the fighting there.

Reduce or stop military assistance

Code: 1622
Description: Decrease or terminate provision of military aid.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: The United States suspended part of a military aid program for Bosnia aimed at bringing Bosnian Croat and Moslem armed forces together as a unified identity, the New York Times reported on Friday.

Reduce or stop humanitarian assistance

Code: 1623
Description: Decrease or terminate provision of humanitarian aid.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: The United Nations on Tuesday reduced food supplies to the biggest Cambodian refugee camp in Thailand because rice was being diverted to outside users, relief officials said.

Impose embargo, boycott, or sanctions

Code: 163
Description: Stop or restrict commercial or other material exchange as a form of protest or punishment.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: President Bill Clinton has imposed sanctions on the Taliban religious faction that controls Afghanistan for its support of suspected terrorist Osama bin Laden, the White House said Tuesday.

Halt negotiations

Code: 164
Description: Terminate discussions, negotiations.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code failed negotiations and walk-outs, as well as other disruptions of planned negotiations. Note that the termination can be either unilateral or bi/multi-lateral.
Example: Palestinians and Israelis failed to reach agreement on the fate of Palestinian offices in east Jerusalem Sunday, despite hours of tense negotiations, sources on both sides reported. Note: Two reciprocal events are coded with actors reversed.

Halt mediation

Code: 165
Description: Terminate mediation activities.
Usage Notes: The source for this event form is typically the mediating parties. Use this event form to code failed mediation activities.
Example: Syrian officers today ended mediation efforts between rival militias in Tripoli as shells continued crashing into the north Lebanese port and the death toll rose to more than 200.

Expel or withdraw

Code: 166
Description: Terminate the presence of groups or organizations not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: Use this category to code both expulsions by host authorities and withdrawals by guest groups or organizations. Note that expulsions or deportations of individuals—typically a legal matter—are coded as 174 instead. Mass expulsions of peoples are coded as 201. Withdrawal of hostile military forces constitutes a form of yielding and is thus coded as 089. When diplomats are withdrawn or expelled, use 161.
Example: NULL

Expel or withdraw peacekeepers

Code: 1661
Description: Terminate the deployment or presence of peacekeeping forces.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code both expulsions of peacekeeping forces by host countries and voluntary withdrawals by actors providing the peacekeeping forces. Note that while the host country should be coded as the source actor when coding an expulsion of peacekeeping forces, the provider of the forces becomes the source when coding withdrawals.
Example: Eighty UN peacekeepers were shipped out of the eastern Bosnian enclave of Gorazde Friday, leaving just 100 UN troops to follow them out later this month.

Expel or withdraw inspectors, observers

Code: 1662
Description: Terminate the presence of inspectors or other observers.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code both expulsions by host countries and withdrawals by providers of inspectors or observers.
Example: North Korea expelled inspectors of the International Atomic Energy Agency, or IAEA, from frozen nuclear facilities at Yongbyon after U.S. officials alleged that the North admitted it had a uranium-based program in late 2002.

Expel or withdraw aid agencies

Code: 1663
Description: Terminate the presence of aid agencies or other non-governmental organizations helping civilians.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code both expulsions by host countries and withdrawals by providers of humanitarian aid. When aid is simply reduced or halted but the expulsion or withdrawal of the provider is not mentioned, use 1623 instead.
Example: Jakarta forced the UN refugee agency, UNHCR, out of the country following the relief operation, although it had more than £12m of unspent donations.

COERCE

Coerce

Code: 170
Description: Repression, violence against civilians, or their rights or properties not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Turkish police prevented the demonstration staged by students at Cumhuriyet University near AKP offices in Sivas on 15 October to protest the decision of sending troops to Iraq.

Seize or damage property

Code: 171
Description: Use of force against property or violation of property rights not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event form category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
Example: Croatian authorities are failing to uphold the property rights of Croatian Serb refugees, a human rights group protested here Wednesday.

Confiscate property

Code: 1711
Description: Use force to take control of somebody else’s property, confiscate, expropriate.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code raids and lootings as well as other confiscations.
Example: In an unprecedented move, Palestinian police in Jericho confiscated weapons and explosives from Palestinian armed groups, the Israeli army said Friday.

Destroy property

Code: 1712
Description: Use force to destroy, demolish property.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Afghan guerillas blew up three main electric power lines leading into Kabul last month and nearly one third of the city’s power supply is still down, the Czechoslovak news agency Ceteka reported from Kabul today.

Impose administrative sanctions

Code: 172
Description: Formal decrees, laws, or policies aimed at curbing the rights of civilians not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event form category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible.
Example: NULL

Impose restrictions on political freedoms

Code: 1721
Description: Violate or impose limitations on fundamental political rights such as freedoms of speech, expression, and assembly.
Usage Notes: Restrictions on media and activities of political dissent are coded here. Note that if the event is about the actual enforcement of such restrictions through repressive tactics, such as imprisonments and dispersion of demonstrations, 175 should be used instead.
Example: The British government on Monday outlawed the largest Protestant extremist organization in Northern Ireland because of what it called its direct involvement in killing in the strife-torn province.

Ban political parties or politicians

Code: 1722
Description: Prevent establishment or activities of political parties or politicians.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: President Yoweri Museveni has banned Ugandan opposition candidates from participating in the upcoming elections.

Impose curfew

Code: 1723
Description: Set a deadline beyond which inhabitants of an area are not permitted to be on the streets or in public places.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Turkish authorities have imposed a curfew in the town of Cizre in southeastern Turkey after a demonstration over fraud allegations in Sunday’s local elections, security sources said here Tuesday.

Impose state of emergency or martial law

Code: 1724
Description: Suspend normal constitutional rights and provisions by installing state of emergency or military rule.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: The military government of President Prosper Avril declared a 30-day state of siege in Haiti on Saturday, suspending parts of the constitution and arresting political opponents, a spokeswoman for the U.S. embassy said.

Arrest, detain, or charge with legal action

Code: 173
Description: Legal or extrajudicial arrests, detentions, or imprisonments.
Usage Notes: Use this code for both criminal and political detentions. Note, however, that taking of hostages is coded as 181 instead, and charges or lawsuits are coded as 115.
Example: Israeli soldiers arrested more than 100 Palestinians on Saturday in a security sweep of the Hebron area of the occupied West Bank, military sources said.

Expel or deport individuals

Code: 174
Description: Formal removal or expulsion of individuals from territories, typically following legal proceedings.
Usage Notes: Expulsion of diplomats constitute reduction of diplomatic relations and should be coded as ‘Reduce or break diplomatic relations’ (161). Expulsion of peacekeepers, inspectors, or aid agencies refer to category 164. Mass political expulsions, with the purpose of ethnic cleansing for instance, are coded as 201 instead.
Example: Ghanaian authorities have deported 168 Liberians for traveling without proper documents on a Swedish-registered vessel, a port official said Monday.

Use tactics of violent repression

Code: 175
Description: Actively repress collective actions of dissent by forcing subjugation through crowd control tactics, arrests, etc.
Usage Notes: Note the difference between repression of dissidents and military engagements.
Example: Liberian riot police used tear gas to disperse demonstrators protesting election results in Monrovia.

Attack cybernetically

Code: 176
Description: Illegal or unauthorized attack on computers, networks, or accounts.
Usage Notes: Cyberattacks can be any of a wide range of acts, with an even wider range of motives. Vandalism of websites, theft of private electronic information, and the hostile shutting-down of networks all fit under this category.
Example: Muslim hackers angered by the publication of cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed have defaced nearly 3,000 Danish Web sites over the past month in the biggest politically motivated cyber attack long-time observers have ever seen.

ASSAULT

Use unconventional violence

Code: 180
Description: Use of unconventional forms of violence which do not require high levels of organization or conventional weaponry, not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code use of forms of force and violence that do not require high levels of organization typical of state-military establishments. Terrorist attacks, if not further specified, should be coded here. Use this default code also for use of knives, rocks and other such unsophisticated weapons. This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 181-186 cannot be made.
Example: A temporary camp for Congolese refugees was attacked by Burundian militiamen armed with machetes, killing at least 156 people, the UN refugee agency reported.

Abduct, hijack, or take hostage

Code: 181
Description: Kidnap, take hostage, hijack, or forcibly seize control of an aircraft, car, bus, ship, etc.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Afghan rebels have kidnapped up to 16 Soviet civilian advisers from a town bazaar and exploded a series of bombs in the capital Kabul, western diplomatic sources in neighboring Pakistan said today.

Physically assault

Code: 182
Description: Attack physical well-being of individuals without the use of weaponry, not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This event form category contains sub-forms for more detailed coding whenever possible. Beatings are coded here.
Example: Israeli soldiers routinely beat up Palestinian detainees on the occupied West Bank with the knowledge of senior officers, a court martial was told today.

Sexually assault

Code: 1821
Description: Sexually abuse, assault sexual integrity of individuals.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code rapes and other sexual assaults.
Example: U.S. border patrol agents sexually abused illegal Mexican immigrants with impunity, a human rights organization charged on Saturday.

Torture

Code: 1822
Description: Torture, inflict extreme pain on individuals.
Usage Notes: The distinction between 1822 and the default code 182 depend primarily on the particular terminology used by reporters. This code is used typically when “torture” is mentioned in the lead.
Example: Security forces in Guinea have tortured scores of Sierra Leonean and Liberian refugees, whom authorities blame for a border conflict, Human Rights Watch (HWR) said Thursday.

Kill by physical assault

Code: 1823
Description: Kill individuals by physically assaulting them without the use of weaponry, through beating, torture, lynching, etc.
Usage Notes: When a physical assault—beating, torture, lynching, etc.–is specifically mentioned to have caused death, this code takes precedence over other codes for physical assault.
Example: A Palestinian prisoner died as a result of torture while in Israeli police custody, according to a report by a pathologist sent to Israel by Physicians for Human Rights.

Conduct suicide, car, or other non-military bombing

Code: 183
Description: Use improvised explosives or makeshift bombs not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: Aerial bombings that involve the use of aircrafts are coded as 195 instead.
Example: Irish nationalist guerrillas wounded two British soldiers in a bomb attack on Thursday, police said.

Carry out suicide bombing

Code: 1831
Description: Carry out bomb attack with the intention of causing own death as well as other casualties.
Usage Notes: Not every attack that results in the assailant’s death is necessarily a suicide attack; we rely on the terminology used by reporters to make that call‚Äîwe code bombings as suicide bombings if the report identifies it as such.
Example: Two Palestinian suicide bombers killed 23 people as well as themselves late Sunday when they blew themselves up in Tel Aviv in the second-worst attack in the current Palestinian uprising, police said.

Carry out car bombing

Code: 1832
Description: Blow up a car or other vehicle to cause damage to surroundings.
Usage Notes: If a car bombing is also known to have been a suicide attack, the suicide component takes precedence and the event is coded as 1831.
Example: A prominent anti-Syria journalist has been killed in a car bomb explosion in a residential sector of mostly Christian eastern Beirut.

Carry out roadside bombing

Code: 1833
Description: Detonate explosives on the roadside to cause damage and casualties to passers-by.
Usage Notes: These bombs or explosives are typically left along the roads by assailants long before they are detonated, hence reports of such attacks can rarely credibly identify the actors responsible for placing those explosives. Therefore, the particular locations of such attacks are typically coded as source actors.
Example: A roadside bombing near the town of Samarra on Sunday killed one U.S. soldier and wounded two others, the military said.

Carry out location bombing

Code: 1834
Description: The use of pre-placed explosive device(s) with the intent of causing casualties and or/structural damage.
Usage Notes: The distinguishing factors for this code are the presence of placed munitions detonated either remotely or according to pre-set conditions (time, proximity, movement of the device, etc.). Suicide, vehicular bombing components, or roadside locations take precedence and are coded 1831, 1832 and 1833 respectively. Minefield casualties and the deployment of mines are specifically excluded from this code and are coded as 193 (Fight with small arms and light weapons) instead.
Example: Three US servicemen were killed by an improvised explosive device outside of the Iraqi city of Basra.

Use as human shield

Code: 184
Description: Use civilians as buffer on the front lines or in other dangerous environments.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: The Sri Lankan army has been holding thousands of Tamil civilian refugees as human shields in the battle zones of the southern sector of the Jaffna peninsula, according to a press release by the Liberation Tigers.

Attempt to assassinate

Code: 185
Description: Attempt but fail to kill politically significant and influential persons.
Usage Notes: Use this code only when an assassination attempt or targeted killing is foiled; when assassinations are successfully carried out, 186 is used instead. This distinction is made because consequences of these two types of events could be significantly different. The source of this event would ideally be the assailant; however, in many cases this information will not be available and the location of the attack would be coded as the source instead.
Example: An attempt to assassinate deputy governor of the Tyumen region, Oleg Chemezov, was thwarted in Khanty-Mansiysk (Siberia), the city’s police reported.

Assassinate

Code: 186
Description: Kill politically significant and influential persons.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code targeted killings and assassinations of politically influential elites or leaders.
Example: Hezbollah guerrillas killed the deputy chief of Israel’s militia ally in southern Lebanon Sunday sources on both sides said. Note: This example is coded as an assassination because of the position the victim held (which is explicitly reported).

FIGHT

Use conventional military force

Code: 190
Description: All uses of conventional force and acts of war typically by organized armed groups not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 191-196 cannot be made. In addition to unspecified acts of fighting, “killings” of any kind when the weapons used are not specified should also be coded here. When news leads refer to acts of killing that take place during an attack or some form of military engagement as “murders”, those should still be coded here. However, murders in general‚Äîas criminal acts with no political connotations‚Äîare not coded under the CAMEO framework. The first example below illustrates how one can differentiate between these two different uses of the verb “murder”.
Example: One Serb policeman was murdered in an attack on a police patrol by Kosovo Albanians near the border with Kosovo, state agency Tanjug reported Sunday.

Impose blockade, restrict movement

Code: 191
Description: Prevent entry into and/or exit from a territory using armed forces.
Usage Notes: Note that this event form is different from code 144 (‘Obstruct physically’), which refers to civilian protest activities that seek to disrupt routine and normal proceedings.
Example: Israel Friday reimposed blockades in the West Bank following the shooting deaths of two Israelis a day earlier, a military spokesman announced.

Occupy territory

Code: 192
Description: Occupy, seize control of a territory using armed forces.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: Vietnamese-led forces have retaken a strategic village in Western Kampuchea after fierce fighting with guerrillas who overran it late last month, Thai military sources said today.

fight with small arms and light weapons

Code: 193
Description: Attack using small arms and light weapons such as rifles, machine-guns, and mortar shells.
Usage Notes: Small arms include revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles and carbines, sub-machine guns, assault rifles and light machine-guns. Light weapons include heavy-machine guns, hand-held under-barrel and mounted grenade launchers, portable anti-aircraft guns, portable anti-tank guns, recoilless rifles, portable launchers of anti-tank missile and rocket systems, portable launchers of anti-aircraft missile system, and mortars of calibers less than 100 mm.
Example: Sudanese rebels shelled the southern regional capital Juba for the first time in a year on Sunday and Monday, killing about 20 people, relief officials in Nairobi said.

fight with artillery and tanks

Code: 194
Description: Attack using artillery, tanks, and rocket fire.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code military engagements that involve the use of guns of large caliber that are too heavy to carry, such as cannon or missile launchers that are not portable, and tanks and/or warships. When both small arms or light weapons and heavy weaponry are used, this code takes precedence.
Example: Vietnamese-led forces launched artillery, mortar, and rocket fire against Kampuchean guerrilla camps near the eastern Thai border today, killing or wounding 50, Thai military sources said.

Employ aerial weapons

Code: 195
Description: Attack, bomb from air.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code bombings that involve the use of military air-crafts. When both aerial and other small types of weapons are used, this code takes precedence.
Example: Soviet aircraft including helicopter gunships killed 46 Afghan civilians in an attack on a village in the western province of Heart.

Employ precision-guided aerial munitions

Code: 1951
Description: The use of aerial weapons that utilize internal and/or remote sensing and guidance controls to strike specific targets.
Usage Notes: The distinction between 1951 and the default 195 depends on whether the particular terminology used by reporters is indicative of guided or precision weapons. The weapons themselves must have guidance capability and should be differentiated from ”surgical aerial attacks” which are otherwise coded under the default 195.
Example: British aircraft using precision guided missiles killed 4 Iraqis in an attack on a suspected weapons supply in Basra.

Employ precision-guided aerial munitions

Code: 1952
Description: The use of remotely piloted or unmanned aerial platforms for the delivery or ordinance.
Usage Notes: Use this event form to code aerial attacks that involve the use of unmanned or remotely piloted vehicles. This code takes precedence over the use of precision guided munitions (1951).
Example: Recent US Predator attacks, occurring about once every three days, have killed at least eight top al-Qaeda leaders since last July, according to Pentagon sources.

Violate ceasefire

Code: 196
Description: Reinitiate fighting in the midst of a formal or informal ceasefire or truce.
Usage Notes: Regardless of how the ceasefire is broken and what kinds of weapons are used, all ceasefire and truce violations are coded here.
Example: Both the Phillippines military and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front are guilty of violating the ceasefire agreement signed in March 2001, according to a group that conducted simultaneous fact-finding missions in Lanao, Maguindanao, and Cotabato provinces last week. Note: Two reciprocal events of the same type are coded.

USE UNCONVENTIONAL MASS VIOLENCE

Use unconventional mass violence

Code: 200
Description: All uses of unconventional force that are meant to cause mass destruction, casualties, and suffering not otherwise specified.
Usage Notes: This residual category is not coded except when distinctions among codes 201-204 cannot be made.
Example: NULL

Engage in mass expulsion

Code: 201
Description: Force large groups of people or populations out of some territory.
Usage Notes: Note that this event form is different from expulsions of diplomats (161), international or non-governmental groups (166), and legal deportations (174). Mass expulsions coded here are typically carried out with the intention of clearing out a particular group of people out of a specific area.
Example: The Israeli army forced out on Wednesday more than 1,000 Palestinian refugees from their homes in a West Bank refugee camp during a 48-hour search for militants, residents said.

Engage in mass killings

Code: 202
Description: Kill a substantial number of people, typically with the intention of ridding a territory of a particular group of people.
Usage Notes: Politically motivated mass killings and genocides are coded here, relying primarily on the specific terminology used by reporters to identify an event that involves “mass” killings.
Example: Sudan’s government is responsible for mass killings and other atrocities in the Darfur region, according to a United Nations report.

Engage in ethnic cleansing

Code: 203
Description: Use mass expulsions and/or mass killings targeting a specific ethnic group.
Usage Notes: When a report identifies mass expulsions or mass killings as being motivated
Example: Serb forces were engaged in ethnic cleansing in Kosovo against the majority Albanian population of the province, according to the US government.

Use weapons of mass destruction

Code: 204
Description: Attack with unconventional weapons that are meant to cause massive destruction and casualties.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: NULL

Use chemical, biological, or radiological weapons

Code: 2041
Description: Attack using chemical, biological, or radiological weapons.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: NULL

Detonate nuclear weapons

Code: 2042
Description: Attack using nuclear weapons.
Usage Notes: NULL
Example: NULL